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  • Movement Disorders
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    A termék adatai:

    • Kiadó OUP USA
    • Megjelenés dátuma 2013. augusztus 1.

    • ISBN 9780199927524
    • Kötéstípus Puhakötés
    • Terjedelem210 oldal
    • Méret 208x147x10 mm
    • Súly 238 g
    • Nyelv angol
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    Kategóriák

    Rövid leírás:

    This book provides a practical guide to the diagnosis, management, and treatment of the principle movement disorders.

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    Hosszú leírás:

    Patients suffering from movement disorders pose many challenges for the clinician, and even the most experienced of practitioners can arrive at the point where diagnostic, work-up, treatment, or prognostic thinking falters.

    Authored by three leading experts in the field, Movement Disorders walks the reader through the important principles of examination, investigation, and management for each of the common types of movement disorders. Applying a case-based approach, each chapter in this volume of the "What do I Do Now?" series in neurology presents the reader with a real-time patient encounter, detailing the thinking behind diagnostic and treatment decision-making. Some of the presentations featured in
    Movement Disorders are quite rare, offering the clinician a quick reference tool for those difficult clinical situations. Succinct and direct, Movement Disorders is the perfect guide to answering the common, and uncommon, questions in this subspecialty of neurology.

    The structure of the book is clear, homogeneous, and comprehensive. Every chapter contains the details of one movement disorder. It is easy to read and provides essential and clinically oriented information. Thus, physicians should consider this book a practical pocket reference and a valuable additional resource for their movement disorders pratice.

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    Tartalomjegyzék:

    Part I Parkinson's Disease
    1) Initiation of treatment in early Parkinson's disease (PD)
    Early PD treatment should include counseling the subject about living with a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, as well as review of medication options and long-term lifestyle changes.
    2) Medical management of advanced Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations
    Advanced PD patients with a fluctuating response to levodopa are a challenge to manage. Balancing improved motor symptoms without inducing side effects and dyskinesia is the key.
    3) Management of tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease
    Tremor in PD can be resistant to standard doses of dopaminergic treatments. Therefore other treatment strategies may need to be considered.
    4) Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease
    Impulse control disorders are a significant side effect of dopamine agonists and less commonly of levodopa. The key here is recognition. Thus always make sure to ask the patient/caregiver about any issues with impulse control.
    5) Parkinson's disease patient with cognitive impairment
    Cognitive impairment can occur at all stages of PD, but dementia is more common with advancing disease. Cholinesterase inhibitors can be helpful, especially if hallucinations are present.
    6) Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
    PD patients frequently experience sleep disturbances due to disease processes or side-effects of medications. Therefore, taking a sleep history is essential. Pain can be a primary symptom of PD as well, but may also be non-responsive to dopaminergic agents.
    7) Whom to refer for surgery?
    Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is extremely effective for PD subjects with disabling fluctuations. The antiparkinsonian benefit is only as good as the best ON response with levodopa. Subjects have to be carefully evaluated to determine suitability due to risk of worsening cognition and speech.
    Part II Atypical Parkinsonisn
    8) Multiple System Atrophy
    Multiple system atrophy (MSA) may present as a parkinsonian syndrome with slowness. Early falls and autonomic features and in some a cerebellar ataxia will differentiate MSA from PD. MRI abnormalities can be helpful in diagnosis. Some subjects may initially respond to levodopa but develop bothersome craniobulbar dystonia.
    9) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
    Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) presents in older individuals with slowness, stiffness and falls, and no response to levodopa. Cognitive problems include impulsivity that can cause falls. Therefore, test the 'applause sign'. The supranuclear gaze palsy may also be a late feature.
    Part III Gait Disorders
    10) Cerebellar ataxia
    Clue to the cause of ataxia are age at onset, duration of ataxia, and presence of a relevant family history. A chronic ataxic gait may be due to alcohol abuse, neurodegenerative disease, or genetic spinocerebellar ataxia syndromes. Acute or subacute causes include nutritional deficiencies, drugs, infections, structural lesions, and paraneoplastic syndromes.
    11) Frontal lobe gait apraxia
    A broad-based gait with short stride, freezing, falls, and an inability to 'walk and talk', in the elderly, is most likely due to frontal lobe pathology. The commonest cause is cerebrovascular disease. The risks and benefits of shunting need to be carefully weighted in the elderly, as normal pressure hydrocephalus is over-diagnosed.
    Part IV Dystonia
    12) Cervical dystonia
    Cervical dystonia commonly presents in adults. The cause is usually idiopathic and investigations are only needed if other neurological signs are present. The most effective treatment is with repeated Botulinum toxin injections.
    13) Wilson's disease
    Wilson's disease should always be excluded in young-onset parkinsonism, tremor, and dystonia syndromes. Treatment with de-coppering agents can occasionally worsen neurological symptoms.
    14) Dopa responsive dystonia
    Dopa-responsive dystonia usually presents in children with leg dystonia that causes walking difficulties and worsens over the day. All young patients with dystonia should have a trial of levodopa. Genetic testing may be negative due to the size of the GCH-1 gene.
    Part V Other Movement Disorders
    15) Tardive Dyskinesia
    Tardive dyskinesia can manifest as a range of involuntary movements including stereotypies, chorea, and dystonia in subjects on dopamine antagonists after 1 to 6 months. Recognition is key. Botulinum toxin can help focal tardive dystonia.
    16) Essential tremor
    Essential tremor is the commonest cause of a bilateral action and postural limb tremor. Current medical treatment options are usually unsatisfactory due to poor response and side effects. Lifestyle adaptations are important.
    17) Chorea
    There are many causes of chorea. Focused investigations will reduce costs and increase yield.
    18) Tourette Syndrome
    Tics are brief, usually involuntary movements or vocalizations that are patterned and repetitive. The presence of a premonitory urge can help differentiate tics from other movement disorders. A history of both chronic motor and vocal tics has to be present to diagnose Tourette syndrome. To avoid medications and side effects, subjects with mild symptoms should be counseled, as there may be improvement in symptoms with age.
    19) Restless legs syndrome
    Restless legs syndrome is extremely common and probably only a proportion of patients will seek medical attention. There is a good response to night-time dosing of long-acting dopamine agonists but the key is to keep the dose low to reduce the problem of augmentation.
    20) Psychogenic movement disorders
    Tremor is the commonest psychogenic movement disorder. Variability in tremor frequency and pattern, with distraction and entrainment, are common features.
    21) Myoclonus
    There are many causes of myoclonus that are seen in general medical, epilepsy, or movement disorder clinics. One of the rarer forms, spinal myoclonus, causes jerk-like movements of the trunk. Psychogenic causes are common but spinal pathology must be excluded.
    Part VI Movement Disorders Emergencies
    22) PD with psychosis
    PD patients can experience frightening hallucinations and paranoid delusions that may necessitate hospital admission. Initial management requires exclusion of underlying medical issues such as infection. The only safe antipsychotics that can be used in PD are quetiapine and clozapine.
    23) Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome
    A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose NMS. The commonest scenario is patients on antipsychotic drugs presenting with acute rigidity, confusion, tachycardia, and a fever, often in the setting of dehydration.
    24) Status Dystonicus
    Severe generalized dystonia can sometimes worsen, often due to intercurrent infection, and become unresponsive to usual therapies. Treatment should be supportive and case-based.

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