Failure Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites by Robinson, Paul; Greenhalgh, Emile; Pinho, Silvestre;

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Polymer matrix composites are increasingly replacing traditional materials, such as metals, for applications in the aerospace, automotive and marine industries. Because of the relatively recent development of these composites there is extensive on-going research to improve the understanding and modelling of their behaviour - particularly their failure processes. As a consequence there is a strong demand among design engineers for the latest information on this behaviour in order to fully exploit the potential of these materials for a wide range of weight-sensitive applications. Failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites explores the main types of composite failure and examines their implications in specific applications.

Part one discusses various failure mechanisms, including a consideration of manufacturing defects and addressing a variety of loading forms such as impact and the implications for structural integrity. This part also reviews testing techniques and modelling methods for predicting potential failure in composites. Part two investigates the effects of polymer-matrix composite failure in a range of industries including aerospace, automotive and other transport, defence, marine and off-shore applications. Recycling issues and environmental factors affecting the use of composite materials are also considered.

With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors Failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites is a valuable reference for designers, scientists and research and development managers working in the increasing range of industries in which composite materials are extensively used. The book will also be a useful guide for academics studying in the composites field.

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Part I: Failure mechanisms

Chapter 1: Progress in failure criteria for polymer matrix composites: A view from the first World-Wide Failure Exercise (WWFE)

Abstract:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Aims of the first World-Wide Failure Exercise (WWFE)

1.3 Setting up test problems

1.4 Description of available models

1.5 Design problems solved

1.6 Gaps identified

1.7 Current activities

1.1 Conclusions

1.2 Acknowledgements

Chapter 2: Manufacturing defects as a cause of failure in polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

2.1 Introduction and basic requirements

2.2 Sources of variability and defects in composite mouldings

2.3 Impact of residual stresses and geometrical distortions on performance

2.4 Impact of voidage and delaminations on inplane and out-of-plane properties

2.5 Impact of misaligned, wavy and wrinkled reinforcements on in-plane and out-of-plane properties

2.6 Approaches to minimize the impact of manufacturing defects

2.7 Future trends

Chapter 3: Low- and medium-velocity impact as a cause of failure in polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Impact damage

3.3 Impact response

3.4 Strength and stability after impact

3.5 Computational models

3.6 Future trends

3.7 Sources of further information and advice

Chapter 4: Structural integrity of polymer matrix composite panels in fire

Abstract:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Temperature distribution

4.3 Material behavior at elevated temperature

4.4 Global buckling

4.5 Skin wrinkling of sandwich panels

4.6 Plastic micro-buckling

4.7 Other aspects of structural integrity in fire

Chapter 5: Testing the toughness of polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

5.1 Introduction

5.3 Translaminar fracture toughness testing

5.4 Ply-Level Fracture Toughness Testing

5.5 Conclusions

Chapter 6: Testing the strength and stiffness of polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Key issues

6.3 In-plane testing

6.4 Out-of-plane testing

6.5 Biaxial in-plane testing

6.6 Triaxial testing

6.7 Concluding comments

Chapter 7: Fibre-dominated compressive failure in polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The physics of fibre kinking in unidirectional plies

7.3 Compressive failure in two-dimensional woven composites

7.4 Compressive failure in recycled composites

7.5 Conclusions

7.6 Acknowledgement

Part II: Failure mechanisms in specific applications

Chapter 8: Considerations of failure mechanisms in polymer matrix composites in the design of aerospace structures

Abstract:

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Design considerations

8.3 Structural considerations

8.4 Designing for damage in composites

8.5 Materials-based approaches

8.6 Structures-based approaches

8.7 Conclusions

Chapter 9: Failure of polymer matrix composites in defence applications

Abstract:

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Ballistic damage of composite structures

9.3 Implications for preventing failure

9.4 Trends in modeling composite failures in military applications

Chapter 10: Failure of polymer matrix composites in marine and off-shore applications

Abstract:

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Material types

10.3 Failure of composite materials for surface vessels

10.4 Failure of composite materials for underwater structures

10.5 Modelling failure

10.6 Future trends

Chapter 11: Recycling issues in polymer matrix composites

Abstract:

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The problems of reuse in polymer composites

11.3 Plastic waste disposal into other materials

11.4 Mechanical recycling of polymeric matrix composites

11.5 Recovery techniques

11.6 Properties of recovered fibres

11.7 Future strategies for making polymer matrix composites more recyclable

11.8 Conclusions

11.11 Appendix: abbreviations

Chapter 12: Failure of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) in automotive and transportation applications

Abstract:

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) used in automotive and road transportation applications

12.3 Scope of the chapter

12.4 Common in-service conditions causing failure

12.5 Sheet molding compound (SMC) composites

12.6 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) for crashworthy structures

12.7 Implications of preventing failure

12.8 Future trends

Chapter 13: Environmental induced failure in fibre-reinforced plastics

Abstract:

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Chemical agents and degradation mechanisms

13.3 Environmental conditioning and testing

13.4 Modelling and predictive analysis

13.5 Optimising chemical resistance and prevention of failure

13.6 Conclusions and future trends

13.7 Sources of further information and advice

13.8 Acknowledgements

13.10 Appendix: standards

Index

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