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  • Engineering Geology

    Engineering Geology by Gangopadhyay, Subinoy;

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    8 594 Ft

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    A termék adatai:

    • Kiadó OUP India
    • Megjelenés dátuma 2013. január 17.

    • ISBN 9780198086352
    • Kötéstípus Puhakötés
    • Terjedelem624 oldal
    • Méret 243x184x26 mm
    • Súly 814 g
    • Nyelv angol
    • Illusztrációk 300 illustrations
    • 0

    Kategóriák

    Rövid leírás:

    Engineering Geology will serve as a textbook for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of engineering geology, applied geology, mining and civil engineering. It will also serve as a reference text for civil engineers and professional geologists.

    Több

    Hosszú leírás:

    The book begins with a discussion on basic geological aspects related to rocks and minerals, geological structures, soil formation and soil classification, underground water, aerial photo study & remote sensing and geophysical and drilling exploration. This is followed by critical engineering geology topics such as soil and rock mechanics, methods of site investigation for civil engineering projects with detailed coverage for dams, reservoirs, tunnels,
    powerhouses, bridges, canals, power channels, and flumes, search for construction materials, treatment of geological defects, assessment and mitigation of natural hazards, and evaluation of karstic limestone terrains for reservoir projects.

    Több

    Tartalomjegyzék:

    Preface
    Acknowledgement
    1. Introduction to Engineering Geology
    1.1 What is engineering geology?
    1.1.1 Definition and application
    1.1.2 Geology vs. civil engineering
    1.2 Importance of engineering geology in civil engineering
    1.3 Engineering practice with rocks and soils in ancient India
    1.3.1 Prehistoric time
    1.3.2 Early historic time
    1.4 History of development of engineering geology in India
    1.4.1 Concept of Mansara (Silpa Sastra) in 6th century
    1.4.2 Activity of GSI from 19th century
    1.5 Work-activity of engineering geologists
    1.6 Forum of engineering geologists and engineers
    1.7 Recent advancement in engineering geology
    1.8 Summary
    Review questions
    2. Rocks and Minerals with reference to Engineering usage of rocks
    2.1 Major rock types and their origin
    2.1.1 Igneous rocks and intrusive bodies
    2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks
    2.1.3 Metamorphic rocks
    2.2 Classification, description and engineering usage of igneous rocks
    2.2.1 General observation and a simplified classification of igneous rocks
    2.2.2 Colour and texture of igneous rocks
    2.2.3 Description and engineering usage of igneous rocks
    2.3 Classification, description and engineering usage of sedimentary rocks
    2.3.1 A simplified classification of sedimentary rocks
    2.3.2 Texture of sedimentary rocks and rounding of particles
    2.3.3 Description and engineering usage of clastic sedimentary rocks
    2.3.4 Description and engineering usage of non-clastic sedimentary rocks
    2.4 Classification, description and engineering usage of metamorphic rocks
    2.4.1 A simplified classification of metamorphic rocks
    2.4.2 Fabrics of metamorphic rocks
    2.4.3 Description and engineering usage of metamorphic rocks
    2.5 Minerals, their origin and different characteristics
    2.5.1 The crystal forms of minerals
    2.5.2 Physical characters of minerals
    2.5.3 Mohs scale of hardness
    2.6 Chemical composition and other characters of rock forming minerals
    2. 6.1 Classification of minerals
    (i) Silicate class
    (ii) Carbonate class
    (iii) Sulphate, phosphate, chromate etc. class
    (iv) Halide class
    (v) Oxide and hydroxide class
    (vi) Sulphide class
    (vii) Native element class
    2.7. Rock-forming, ore-forming and gem varieties minerals
    2.7.1 Dominant rock forming minerals
    2.7.2 Common ore forming minerals
    2.7.3 Notable precious and semiprecious minerals
    2.8. Identification of minerals under microscope
    2.9. Geological time-scale and unconformity between rock formations
    2.8.1 The relative and absolute time-scale
    2.8.2 Unconformity of rock formations and its delimitation
    2.10 Field identification of common rocks with simple accessories
    2.11 Summary
    Review questions
    3. Rock structures and their Engineering significance
    3.1 Deformation mechanism of rocks
    3.1.1 Stress and strain result on brittle and ductile rocks
    3.1.2 Elastic and plastic deformation
    3.2 Folds and causes of their formation
    3.2.1 Anatomy of folds
    3.2.2Anticline and syncline, their symmetry and other features
    3.2.3 Principal types of folds and their field characters
    3.3 Causes and mechanism of faults
    3.3.1 Basic terms related to a fault
    3.3.2 Illustrative description of different types of fault
    3.3.3 Effect of faulting in brittle and ductile rocks
    3.3.4 Clues for field identification of faults
    3.4. Causes of Jointing and genetic types of joints in rocks
    3.4.1 Orientation, spacing, roughness and other features of joints
    3.4.2 Types of joints in different rock types and their origin
    3.4.3 Diagrammatic representation of joints
    3.5 Primary structures of sedimentary rocks and their significance
    3.6 Potential problems from rock structures in engineering constructions
    3.6.1 Problems of fold
    3.6.2 Harmful effects of fault
    3.6.3 Weakness of rocks due to joints, fractures and other features
    3.7 Summary
    Review questions
    4. Weathering of rocks and its impact in engineering constructions
    4.1Types of weathering
    4.2 Mechanical weathering
    4.2.1 Thermal stress
    4.2.2 Spheroidal weathering
    4.2.3 Frost action
    4.2.4 Pressure release
    4.2.5 Slaking and haloclasty
    4.2.6 Tree root action
    4.3 Chemical weathering
    4.3.1 Oxidation
    4.3.2 Carbonation
    4.3.3 Hydration
    4.3.4 Hydrolysis
    4.4 Biological weathering
    4.5 Effect of weathering due to climatic condition and geologic time
    4.6 Impact of weathering in engineering constructions
    4.6.1 Engineering geological significance
    4.7 Summary
    Review questions
    5. Soil formation, engineering classification and description of Indian soils
    5.1 Geological processes responsible for formation of soil
    5.1.1 Formation of soil from weathering and decomposition of rocks
    5.1.2 Residual and transported soil
    5.1.3 Erosion, transportation and deposition
    5.2 Glacial, Fluvioglacial actions
    5.2.1Features of glacial activity and old remnants
    5.2.2 Problems of engineering construction in glacial deposits
    5.2.3 Fluvioglacial and glacial-lacustrine deposits
    5.3 Wind action and dunes
    5.3.1 Wind bourn deposit, loess - formation and engineering problems
    5.4 Formation of terraces, talus and organic deposits
    5.4.1 Glacial terrace
    5.4.2 River terrace
    5.4.3 Marine terrace
    5.4.4 Talus deposits
    5.4.5 Organic soils including pits
    5.5 Soils derived from different depositional regimes
    (i) Alluvial soil
    (ii) Glacial soil
    (iii) Aeolian soil
    (iv) Colluvial soil
    (v) Soil from volcanic ash
    (vi) Organic soil
    5.6 Soil classification for engineering constructions
    5.6.1 Coarse grained soil
    5.6.2 Fine grained soil
    5.6.3 Organic soils
    5.7 Identification of different soil types
    5.7.1 Visual observation to identify soil types
    5.7.2 Additional information of soil for design purposes
    5. 8 Clay minerals in soil and their engineering significance
    5.8.1 The types of clay minerals
    5.8.2 Sensitive clay, its disturbing characters and rectification
    5.9 Soils of India, their characteristics and occurrence
    5.10 Summary
    Review Questions
    6. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics
    6.1 Soil component and size of soil particles
    6.1.1 size fractions of soils
    6.1.2 Structure of soil
    6.2 Index properties of soil and their laboratory determination
    6.2.1 Water content
    6.2.2 Specific gravity
    6.2.3 Unit weight
    6.2.4 Density
    6.2.5 Porosity
    6.2.6 Void ratio
    6.2.7 Relation between porosity and void ration
    6.3 Consistency limits (Atterberg limits) and their determination
    6.4 Field methods of density determination
    6.4.1Water displacement method
    6.4.2 Sand replacement method
    6.4.3 Core cutter method
    6.4.4 Rubber-Balloon method
    6.5 Size and shape of soil particles
    6.5.1 Mechanical analysis for sieved fractions
    6.5.2 Wet analysis (sedimentation method
    6.5.3 Size distribution curves of soil particles
    6.5.4 Shape (angularity and roundness) of soil particles
    6.6. Swelling clay and its expansive characters
    6.6.1 Laboratory test fore swelling co-efficient
    6.6.2 Measurement of expansive pressure
    6.7 Soil permeability
    6.7.1 Flow characteristics and Darcy's law
    6.7.2 Laboratory determination of soil permeability
    6.7.3 Determination of field permeability of soil by pumping test
    6.8 Consolidation of soil
    6.8.1 Laboratory test of consolidation
    6.8.2 Calculation of void ratio and coefficient of volume change
    6.9 Soil compaction
    6.9.1 Process of compaction
    6.9.2 Compression machineries and their performance
    6.9.3 Standard and modified proctor test
    6 9.4 Proctor needle and its use
    6.10 Earth pressure and retaining structures
    6.10.1 The retaining structures
    6.10.2 Back-fill: materials used and drainage
    6.11 Shear stress, shear strength, and failure mechanism
    6.11.1 Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion
    6.11.2 How to draw Mohr's circle
    6.11.3 Direct shear test
    6.11.4 Triaxial compression test
    6.115 Unconfined compression test
    6.11.6 Vane shear test
    6.12 Building site geotechnical investigation
    6.12.1 Loads of building and foundation exploration
    6.12.2 Design Bearing capacity for building foundation
    6.13 Determination of bearing capacity of soil for building site
    6.13.1Static cone penetration test
    6.13.2 Plate load tests
    6.14 Shallow building foundations
    6.14.1 Spread footing
    6.14.2 Mat or raft
    6.14.3 On-grade mat foundation
    6.15 Deep foundation of building
    6.15.1 Pile foundation
    6.15.2 Pier foundation
    6.15.3 Caisson
    6.16 Summary
    Review questions
    7. Hydrology and Geological works of rivers
    7.1 River hydrology
    7.1.1 Hydraulic parameters
    7.2 Erosional processes of a river
    7.2.1 Main forces causing erosion
    7.2.2 The factors deciding the rate of erosion
    7.3 Depositional and transportation characteristics of a river
    7.3.1 Manner movement of sediment load
    7.3.2 Sediment load of Indian rivers
    7.4 Work-activity of a rive in different stages
    7.4.1Young stage river work-activity
    7.4.2 The middle or mature stage work and meandering flow
    7.4.3 Old stage work and formation of deltas
    7.5 Characteristic deposition of deltaic environment
    7.6 The river drainage patterns and river-capture
    7.7 Engineering use of river deposits/alluvial soil
    7.8 Summary
    Review questions
    8. Geological works of oceans and coastal management
    8.1 Ocean features and divisions of ocean floor
    8.2 The agents of ocean activity
    8.2.1 Waves: characteristic and activity
    8.2.2 Current: types and behavior
    8.2.3 Tides: patterns and effect
    8.3 Landform created by ocean erosion
    8.4 Some typical oceanic landforms
    8.5 Coastal landforms of varied patterns and deposits
    8.6 Erosion of shallow coastal land
    8.6.1 The basic aspects
    8.6.2 Harmful effect coastal erosion
    8.6.3 Erosion of beach and dunes
    8.6.4 Erosion of rocky coast/cliff area
    8.7 Littoral drifts
    8.8 Coastal management
    8.8.1 Use or groins, concrete and masonry wall, gabion and sand dunes
    8.8.2 Beach restoration
    8. 9. A case study - Coastal Erosion at Uppada along Kakinada Coast of Andhra Pradesh (after Pal and Rao, 2009)
    8.10 Summary
    Review questions
    9. Underground water in relation to Engineering works
    9.1 Hydrologic cycle
    9.2 Mode of occurrence and source of underground water
    9.2.1 Groundwater and vadose water
    9.2.2 Juvenile and connate water
    9.3 Configuration of water table
    9.3.1 Fluctuation of water table
    9.3.2 Perched water table
    9.4 Soil water
    9.4.1 Structural water
    9.4.2 Hydroscopic water
    9.4.3 Capillary water
    9.5 Confined and unconfined aquifers
    9.5.1 Aquifer and aquiclude
    9.5.2 Hydrologic criteria to find aquifers
    9.5.3 Artesian flow
    9.5.4 Springs and their origin
    9.6 Water retaining and transmitting capacity of soil and rock
    9.6.1 Porosity of soil
    9.6.2 Permeability in relation to porosity
    9.7 Groundwater movement
    9.8 Systematic groundwater investigation
    9.8.1 Basin-wise study
    9.8.2 Groundwater in hard rock mass
    9.8.3 Groundwater maps
    9.9 Groundwater province of India
    9.10 Utility, yield, withdrawal and artificial recharge of groundwater
    9.10.1 Uses in urban and rural areas
    9.10.2 Yield in different parts of India
    9.10.3 Cone of depression
    9.10.4 Environmental degradation
    9.10.5 Artificial recharge
    9.10.6 Saltwater intrusion in groundwater
    9.11 Influence of underground water in engineering constructions
    9.11.1 Dams and reservoirs
    9.11.2 Road pavements and soil slopes
    9.11.3 Groundwater problem in tunnelling
    9.11.4 Water retaining structures
    9.12 A Case study of groundwater problem and its solution
    9.13 Summary
    Review questions
    10. Application of Rock Mechanics in Engineering Geology
    10.1 Relevance of rock mechanics in evaluating rock and rock mass properties
    10.2 Determination of common properties of rocks
    10.2.1 Specific gravity
    10.2.2 Density
    10.2.3 Unit weight
    10.2.4 Porosity
    10.2.5 Absorption
    10.3 Measurement of strength of intact rocks
    10.3.1 Rebound hammer test
    10.3.2 Point load test
    10.3.3 Uniaxial compression test
    10.3.4 Triaxial Compression test
    10.3.5 Brazilian tests
    10.3.6 Results of common engineering properties
    10.4 Elastic properties of rocks
    10.5 Measurement of stress in underground rocks
    10.5.1 Flat jack test
    10.5 2 Borehole over-coring method of stress measurement
    10.5.3 Borehole extensometer test for rock movement
    10.6 Estimation of rock mass properties
    10.6.1 Rock mass classification
    10.6.2 Classification of Terzaghi
    10.6.3 Rock Quality designation Index (RQD)
    10.7 NGI rock mass classification to estimate tunnelling quality index Q
    10.7.1The parameters used in NGI classification with tables
    10.7.2 A practical example of using tunnel quality index Q
    10.8 Geomechanics classification of rock mass
    10.8.1Parameters used in Rock Mass Ratings with Tables
    10.8.2 Practical example of use of RMR
    10.9 Geological Strength Index (GSI) for blocky and heterogeneous rocks
    10.10 Summary
    Review questions
    11. Site Investigation: Remote Sensing, Geophysical Exploration and Drilling
    11.1 Different stages of site investigation
    11.1.1 Initial stage (Planning phase)
    (i) Preparation of geological map
    (ii) Dip and strike
    (iii) Geological map vs. engineering geology map
    11.1.2 Feasibility stage (Design phase)
    (i) Special purpose engineering geology map
    (ii) Subsurface map/Drill hole data presentation
    11.1.3 Construction stage
    11.1.4 Post-construction stage
    11.2 Aerial photo interpretation and satellite remote sensing
    11.2.1 Aerial photography
    11.2.2 Application of stereoscope
    11.2.3 Photographic elements: tone, shape and texture
    11.2.4 Ground pattern
    11.2.5 Identification of common rocks
    11.2.6 Identification of large rock bodies and major rock structures
    11.2.7 Satellite remote sensing:
    (i) Techniques of producing imagery
    (ii) Application of remote sensing
    11.3 Geophysical exploration
    11.3.1 Seismic survey
    11.3.2 Gravity survey
    11.3.3 Magnetic survey
    11.3.4 Resistivity survey
    113.5 Radioactivity logging
    11.4 Sub-soil exploration and sampling in soil
    11.4.1 Exploration in sites of engineering structures
    11.4.2 Sampling from pit and using soil sampler with drill rod
    11.5 Methods of subsoil investigation
    11.5.1 Pitting and trenching
    11.5.2 Penetration resistance
    11.5.3 Exploration by drill holes
    (i) Auger holes
    (ii) Wash boring
    (iii) Percussion drilling
    11.6 Exploratory drilling in rock
    11.6.1 Importance of rock drilling in engineering geology work
    11.6.2 Rotary drilling
    11.6.3 Spacing of drill holes
    11.6.4 Selection of bits for drilling in boulder deposit
    11.6.5 How to improve core recovery
    11.6.6 Logging of drill cores & diagrammatic presentation
    11.7 Water pumping tests: utility and approach
    11.8 Summary
    Review questions
    12. Construction Materials
    12.1 Principal types of construction material
    12.2 Character and usage of different types of construction material
    12.2.1 Dimension stones for building stone, facing stone and decoration
    12.2.2 Crushed stones for road metal, railway ballasts and rip rap
    12.2.3 Suitability of rocks for engineering construction
    12.2.4 Aggregates for concrete
    12.2.5 Soil and clay
    12.2.6 Pozollans
    12.2.7 Fly ash (Artificial Pozollans)
    12.3 Laboratory tests of aggregates with Indian standard specification
    12.3.1Aggregate crushing test
    12.3.2 Aggregate impact test
    12.3.3 Los Angel's abrasion test
    12.3.4 Deval attrition test
    12.3.5 Soundness test (Sodium Sulphate test)
    12.4 Materials for use as railway ballast and road metal
    12.4.1 Rock types suitable and the desired properties
    12.4.2 Specification of concrete aggregate by IS for road
    12.5 Deleterious materials and alkali aggregate reaction
    12.6 Petrographic study of aggregate
    12.7 Source of construction materials in India
    12.8 Exploration for construction materials and selecting quarry sites
    12.9 Summary
    Review questions
    13. Treatment of rocks and soils by Grouting
    13.1 Geotechnical considerations in grouting
    13.1.1 Relation of grouting to rock type, structure and overburden
    13.1.2 Problem of grouting cavities
    13.2 Different types of grouting including their patterns
    13.2.1 Curtain grouting
    13.2.2 Consolidation grouting
    13. 2.3 Blanket grouting
    13. 2.4 Contact growing
    13.2.5 Special purpose grouting
    13.3 Grouting equipment and packers
    13.4 Basic ingredients of grout and admixtures
    13.4.1 Ingredient of grout
    13.4.2 Grout mixture
    13.4.3 Chemical grout and epoxy grout with instance of their use
    13.5 Grouting approach for various engineering structures
    13.5.1 Grouting of concrete dam foundation
    13.5.2 Grouting Earth and Rock fill dam
    13.5.3 Grout curtain with drainage holes
    13.5.4 Reservoir rim grouting
    13.5.5 Grouting tunnel and Underground chamber
    13.6 Grouting plan and pattern with Indian examples
    13.6.1 Geological approach in preparing plan for grouting
    13.6.2 Grouting plan with typical example
    13.6.3 Statistics of foundation grouting of major Indian dams
    13.7 Effective pressure and rock mass permeability
    13.8 Treatment of cavity by grouting
    13.9 Efficacy of grouting
    13.10 Summary
    Review questions
    14. Dams and Spillways
    14.1 Terminology and basic aspects of dam construction
    14.1.1 Acting forces and design principles of dam safety
    14.1.2 The utilities of dams
    14.2 Types of dams and their functions
    14.2.1 Concrete dams
    (i) Gravity dam
    (ii) Arch dam
    (iii) Buttress dam
    14.2.2 Masonry dam
    14.2.3 Rock-fill dam
    14.2.4 Earth dam
    14.2.5 Composite dam, tailing dam, barrage and weir
    14.3 Spillways and gates
    14.3.1 Normal spillway
    14.3.2 Pipe spillway
    14.3.3 Tunnel spillway
    14.3.4 Glory hole spillway
    14.3.5 Side channel spillway
    14.3.6 Outlet work
    14.3.7 Gates of different types and their functions
    14.4 Influence of geomorphology and geology in the design of a dam
    14.5 Adverse effect of fault in dam foundation and its treatment
    14.5.1 Treatment of fault by plug and its depth calculation
    14.5.2 Stresses along fault at different dispositions
    14.6 Causative factors of dam disasters
    14.6.1Geological causes
    14.6.2 Other causes
    14.7 Preliminary investigation and selection of a dam site
    14.8 Detailed investigation of a dam site for design purposes
    14.9 Source of building materials for different types of dam
    14.9.1 Building materials for concrete dams
    14.9.2 Boulders and rock fragments for masonry dams
    14.9.3 Fill material for rock fill-dams
    14.9.4 Sandy and clayey materials for earth dams
    14.9.5 Rip-rap for protecting dam slopes
    14.9.6 Impervious core materials for a dam
    14.9.7 Guidelines for selecting sites for building materials
    14.10 River diversion and construction work
    14.10.1 Method of diverting river
    14.10.2 Foundation preparation
    14.10 3 Construction approach for dams of different types
    14.11 Post-construction work
    14.12 Summary
    Review questions
    15. Reservoirs
    15.1 Creation and function of a reservoir
    15.2 Degradation of catchment and reservoir rim areas
    15.3 Erosion of reservoir area and sedimentation
    15.3.1 Relation of erosion with rainfall
    15.3.2 Sedimentation/siltation rate
    15.3.3 Measurement of siltation
    15.3.4 Siltation study by remote sensing and aerial-photo study
    15.4 Reservoir capacity and reservoir life
    15.5 Salient aspects of reservoir investigation
    15.5.1 Different possibilities of reservoir leakage
    15.5.2 Problem from slide and resultant sedimentation
    15.5 3 Investigation for protection of national assets
    15.6 Pump Storage scheme with case- study
    15.6.1 The basic aspects
    15.6.2 Investigation for Pump storage scheme
    15.6.3 Case study of Pump storage schemes
    (A) Kadampari Pump storage, Tamil Nadu
    (B) Purulia Pump storage, West Bengal
    15.7 Petrological study of suspended silts in river water
    15.7.1 Procedure for determining hardness of particles
    15.7.2 An example of hardness measurement of river silt
    15.8 Reservoir related earthquakes
    15.9 Environmental impact on creation of a reservoir
    15.9.1 The salient aspect of environmental changes
    15.9.2 Measures to minimise adverse environmental effect
    15.10 Summary
    Review questions
    16. Tunnels
    16.1 Components and types of tunnel
    16.2 Tunnelling through rocks
    16.2.1 Rock pressure and arching action in a tunnel
    16.2.2 Effect of bedded rock on tunnel lining
    16.2.3 Effect of a fault traversing a tunnel
    16.2.4 Effect of folds on tunnel lining
    16.2.5 Rock cover and overbreaks in relation to joints
    16.2.6 Relation of overbreaks with tunnel dimensions
    16.3 Tunnelling through soft ground
    16.3.1 Type of material, imposed load and stability
    16.3.2 The method of soft ground tunnelling
    16.4 Geological hazards in tunnelling
    (i).Overbreaks
    (ii) Spalling
    (iii) Flowing ground
    (iii) Squeezing and heaving
    (iv) Thermal spring
    (v) Gas flow
    (vi) Seismicity
    16.5 Different stages of geotechnical works for tunnel
    16.5.1 Selection of tunnel alignment
    16.5.2 Subsurface exploration
    16.5.3 Construction stage work: 3-D Tunnel Logging
    16.5.4 Other geological activities of tunnel work
    16.6 Conventional methods and machineries used in tunnelling
    16.6.1 Conventional method of tunnelling by TBM
    16.6.2 Tunnelling by Rock Header machine
    16.6.3 Shield method of tunnel excavation
    16.7 Excavation methods of rock tunnelling and support system
    16.7.1 Methods of full face, top heading, side & multiple drift
    16.7.2 Seven types of tunnel support including rock bolting
    16.8 Pressure tunnel and lining
    16.9 Rock mass quality and support requirement
    16.9.1 Design aspects
    16.9.2 Rock load system of Terzaghi for Tunnel support
    16.9.3 Methods of evaluating tunnel support by Q and RMR system
    16.10 Summary
    Review questions
    17. Powerhouses
    17.1 Different types of powerhouse and generation of hydropower
    17.1.1 Harnessing hydropower from river
    17.2 Surface powerhouse of hydroelectric project
    17.2.1 Landform characters of a surface power house
    17.2.2 Preliminary site investigation including air photo study
    17.2.3 Detailed site investigation by subsurface investigation
    17.2.4 Laboratory testing of rocks for strength properties
    17.2.5 Large scale foundation mapping and study of seismicity
    17.3 Instances of geotechnical problems of surface powerhouse and remedy
    (1) Powerhouse of Ramganganga Project of Uttar Pradesh
    (2) Bassi powerhouse of Himachal Pradesh,
    (3) Balimela powerhouse of Orissa.
    17.4 Underground powerhouse of a hydroelectric project.
    17.4.1 General aspects
    17.4.2 Special considerations
    17.5 Instances of underground powerhouse problem and measures adopted
    (1) Powerhouse of Koyana project of Maharashtra,
    (2) Kadamparai powerhouse of Tamil Nadu,
    (3) Powerhouse of Srisailam project of Andhra Pradesh.
    17.6 Thermal powerhouse
    17.6.1 Basic needs
    17.5.2 Site investigation by mapping and subsurface drilling
    17.7 Nuclear powerhouse
    17.7.1Guidelines of Atomic Energy Commission on site selection
    17.7.2 Method of engineering geology investigation
    17.7.3 Problems of site selection in Himalayan area
    17.7.4 Problem of locating an Atomic power plant in alluvium
    17.8 Summary
    Review questions
    18. Bridges
    18.1 The basics of a bridge
    18.2 Major types of bridges and acting forces
    18.2.1 Girder bridge
    18.2.2 Arch bridge
    18.2.3 Cantilever bridge
    18.2.4 Suspension bridge
    18.2.5 Cable stayed bridge
    18.3 Supports and foundations of bridges
    18.3.1Abutments and piers
    18.3.2 Well foundation for bridges
    18.3.3 Composition of a well foundation
    18.3.4 Sinking of well to sub-soil
    18.3.5 Depth of well foundation
    18.4 Different aspects of geotechnical investigation of a bridge site
    18.5 Bridge sites in hilly terrains
    18.5.1 Upper reaches
    18.5.2 Middle Reaches
    18.5.3 Lower reaches
    18.6 Bridge sites in alluvial plains
    18.7 Bridge foundation in subsoil in relation to scouring depth
    18.8 Construction materials for bridge
    18.9 Salient points related to bridge site investigation
    18.10 Case study of bridges including a collapsed bridge
    (1) Aqueduct cum road-bridge in Madhya Pradesh
    (2) Tikira high level road bridge of Orissa
    (3) Failure of a NH bridge over Chambal river in Rajasthan
    (4) Foundation problem of Banas bridge in Rajasthan
    (5) Distressed railway bridge of Bhagalpur district, Bihar
    18.11 Summary
    Review questions
    19. Highways, Runways, Canals, Power channels and Flumes
    19.1 Highways
    19.1.1 Site investigation for highway
    19.1.2 Placement of pavement materials and drainage
    19.1.3 Quality of aggregate materials and their function
    19.2 Runways
    19.2.1 The plan of a runway
    19.2.2 The investigation approach
    19.2.3 Runway pavement
    19.2.4 Seepage problem in pavement and corrective measures
    19.3 Canals
    19.3.1 Basic aspects
    19.3.2 Site investigation by geological mapping and exploratory works
    19.3.3 Excavation and filling involved in canal
    19.3.4 The design aspects of soil slope and water depth of a canal
    19.4 Power channels
    19.4.1 Choice of construction and selection of alignment
    19.4.2 Case study of power channel
    19.4.3 Siphon to carry water from canals and power channel
    19.5 Flumes
    19.5.1 Geological problems and remedial measures
    19.5.2 Aqueduct for carrying water from canal/flume
    19.5.3 Summary
    Review questions
    20. Natural hazards
    20.1 Earthquake
    20.1.1 Causative factors of earthquake
    20.1.2 Seismic waves and other earthquake related terminology
    20.1.3 How to locate an earthquake
    20.2 Earth's interior and travel of seismic waves
    20.3 Continental drift and plate tectonics in relation to earthquakes
    20.3.1 Main possibilities of plate movement and resultant earthquakes
    20.3.2 Interplate earthquakes and Intraplate earthquakes
    20.4 Volcano and its activity related to earthquake and other effects
    20.4.1 Major types of volcano including an active volcano of Hawaii
    20.5 Magnitude and Intensity of earthquake
    20.5.1 Magnitude in Richter scale
    20.5.2 Seismic intensity in Marcalli scale
    20.6 Seismic zoning and earthquake resistant codes
    20.6.1 Seismic Zoning map of India
    20.6.2 Earthquake resistance code for design of structure
    20.6.3 Tips and earthquake resistant design and construction
    20.7 Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS)
    20.7.1 RIS experienced in different parts of the world
    20.7.2 The conditions for generating RIS
    20.8 Seismotectonic framework of India
    20.9 Geological consideration in aseismic design
    20.10 Clues for earthquake forecasting
    20.10.1 Various approaches including measure by GPS
    20.10.2 Earthquake disaster mitigation
    20.11 Case study of a devastating earthquake
    20.12 Tsunami
    20.14 Meaning of tsunami, its characters and destructive action
    20.14.1 Origin of tsunami
    20.14.2 Destructive actions of tsunami
    20.15 The great tsunami of December, 2004 affecting Coastal India
    20.16 Coastal erosion, protection of coast and safety against tsunami
    20.17 Summary
    Review questions
    21. Landslide evaluation and mitigation
    21.1 Hazards of landslides
    21.2 Landslide types: classification and description
    21.2.1 Falls
    21.2.2 Topples
    21.2.3 Slides
    21.2.4 Lateral spread
    21.2.5 Flows
    21.2.6 Complex
    21.3 Causes of landslides
    21.3.1 Geological processes
    21.3.2 Human actions
    21.3.4 Natural causes
    21.4 Investigation of areas affected by landslides and slide-prone area
    21.5 Landslide hazard zonation mapping on BIS guideline
    21.6 Landslide hazard mitigation
    21.6.1 Modification of slope geometry and prevention of land erosion
    21.6.2 Drainage arrangement in relation to groundwater management
    21.6.3 Slope reinforcement
    21.6.4 Retaining structures
    21.6.5 Other methods of soil stabilization
    21.7 Instances of major landslides of India with causes and effect
    21.8 Case study on landslides of India happened in the recent past
    21.8.1 Landslides in different parts of India that took place in recent pas
    21. 9 Case study of Mizoram landslides (after Mukherje et al, 2009)
    21.10 Summary
    Review questions
    22. Karstic terrain investigation
    22.1 Solubility of limestone and formation of karst
    22.2 Surface and subsurface forms of caverns
    22.2.1 Surface caverns: sinkholes, swallow holes
    22.2.2 Subsurface caverns: solution channels/tunnels
    22.2.3 Stalactites and Stalagmites
    22.3 Investigation methods for evaluation of karstic condition
    22.3.1 Speleologic study
    22.3.2 Geophysical study
    22.3.3 Exploration by drilling
    22.4 Chemical and radioactive tracer study of reservoir
    22.4.1 Investigation method using chemical tracer
    22.4.2 Radioactive tracer study
    22.5 Construction of dams and reservoirs in karstic limestone
    22.6 Instances of karstic limestone problems and remedial measures
    1. Projects of India (i) Kopili, Meghalaya (ii) Obra, Madhya Pradesh
    2. Projects in other countries of world
    22.7 Summary
    Review questions
    23. Guidelines for writing Engineering Geology report
    23.1 Objective of engineering geology report
    23.2 Basic aspects
    23.3 Geological inputs
    23. 4 Report for different phases of site investigation
    23.4.1 Planning phase
    23.4.2 Design phase
    23.4.3 Construction phase
    23.5 Report for special investigation
    23.6 In-field preparation of write-up for a report
    23.7 Illustrative example of report writing
    (A planning stage report of Dr. J.B. Auden)
    23.8 Summary
    Review questions
    24. Physiography, stratigraphy and ores and minerals of India
    24.1 Physiographic features of India
    24.1.1 The Peninsular plateau
    24.1.2 The Extra-Peninsular area
    24.1.3 Indo-Gangetic plains
    24.2 The Stratigraphy of India
    24.2.1 Geological formations of India from Archaean to Recent
    24.3 The Archaean Complex
    24.3.1 Gneisses and Granites
    24.3.2 Precambrian sediments
    24.4 Palaeozoic Era
    24.4.1 Cambrian System
    24.4.2 Silurian and Devonian
    24.4.3 Carboniferous and Permian
    24.5 Gondwana formation
    25.6 The Mesozoic Era
    25.6.1 Triassic period
    25.6.2 Jurassic period
    25.6.3 Cretaceous period
    25.7 The Tertiary rock formations
    24.8 The Quaternary period
    24.9 Economic resources from produces of rock formations
    24.9.1Metallic minerals
    24.9.2 Non-Metallic minerals
    24.9.3 Coal and petroleum
    24.9.4 Building stones
    24.10 Summary
    Review questions
    Appendix A Geotechnical problems of dams and their solutions
    A.1 Dams founded on igneous rocks
    (1) Koyna , Maharashtra
    (2) Ukai, Gujarat
    A. 2 Dams built on sedimentary rocks
    (1) Rana Pratap Sagar, Rajasthan
    (2) Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh
    A. 3 Dams founded on metamorphic rocks
    (1) Idukki, Kerala
    (2) Umiam, Meghalaya
    A. 4 Dams founded on heterogeneous rocks
    (1) Hirakud, Orissa
    (2) Tenughat, Bihar
    A. 5 Dams of Himalayan terrain
    (1) Bhakra Nangal, Punjab
    (2) Ranjit Sagar, Punjab
    A.6. Instances of dam failure
    (1) Tigra, Madhya Pradesh
    (2) Kedarnala, Madhya Pradesh
    (3) Khadakwasla, Maharastra
    Summary
    Appendix B Geotechnical problems of tunnels and their solutions
    B.1 Hard rock tunnelling
    (1) Umiam Stage-I, Meghalaya
    (2) Balimela, Orissa
    B.2 Soft rock tunnelling
    (1) Rana Pratap Sagar, Rajasthan
    (2) Ramganga, Uttar Prades
    B.3 Tunnelling in Himalayan terrain
    (1) Jaldhaka, West Bengal
    (2) Banihal, J. & K
    B.4 Soft ground tunnelling
    B.5 Kolkata Metro Railway Tunnel
    Summary
    Appendix C Glossary
    References

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