Engineering Geology
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Product details:
- Publisher OUP India
- Date of Publication 17 January 2013
- ISBN 9780198086352
- Binding Paperback
- No. of pages624 pages
- Size 243x184x26 mm
- Weight 814 g
- Language English
- Illustrations 300 illustrations 0
Categories
Short description:
Engineering Geology will serve as a textbook for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of engineering geology, applied geology, mining and civil engineering. It will also serve as a reference text for civil engineers and professional geologists.
MoreLong description:
The book begins with a discussion on basic geological aspects related to rocks and minerals, geological structures, soil formation and soil classification, underground water, aerial photo study & remote sensing and geophysical and drilling exploration. This is followed by critical engineering geology topics such as soil and rock mechanics, methods of site investigation for civil engineering projects with detailed coverage for dams, reservoirs, tunnels,
powerhouses, bridges, canals, power channels, and flumes, search for construction materials, treatment of geological defects, assessment and mitigation of natural hazards, and evaluation of karstic limestone terrains for reservoir projects.
Table of Contents:
Preface
Acknowledgement
1. Introduction to Engineering Geology
1.1 What is engineering geology?
1.1.1 Definition and application
1.1.2 Geology vs. civil engineering
1.2 Importance of engineering geology in civil engineering
1.3 Engineering practice with rocks and soils in ancient India
1.3.1 Prehistoric time
1.3.2 Early historic time
1.4 History of development of engineering geology in India
1.4.1 Concept of Mansara (Silpa Sastra) in 6th century
1.4.2 Activity of GSI from 19th century
1.5 Work-activity of engineering geologists
1.6 Forum of engineering geologists and engineers
1.7 Recent advancement in engineering geology
1.8 Summary
Review questions
2. Rocks and Minerals with reference to Engineering usage of rocks
2.1 Major rock types and their origin
2.1.1 Igneous rocks and intrusive bodies
2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks
2.1.3 Metamorphic rocks
2.2 Classification, description and engineering usage of igneous rocks
2.2.1 General observation and a simplified classification of igneous rocks
2.2.2 Colour and texture of igneous rocks
2.2.3 Description and engineering usage of igneous rocks
2.3 Classification, description and engineering usage of sedimentary rocks
2.3.1 A simplified classification of sedimentary rocks
2.3.2 Texture of sedimentary rocks and rounding of particles
2.3.3 Description and engineering usage of clastic sedimentary rocks
2.3.4 Description and engineering usage of non-clastic sedimentary rocks
2.4 Classification, description and engineering usage of metamorphic rocks
2.4.1 A simplified classification of metamorphic rocks
2.4.2 Fabrics of metamorphic rocks
2.4.3 Description and engineering usage of metamorphic rocks
2.5 Minerals, their origin and different characteristics
2.5.1 The crystal forms of minerals
2.5.2 Physical characters of minerals
2.5.3 Mohs scale of hardness
2.6 Chemical composition and other characters of rock forming minerals
2. 6.1 Classification of minerals
(i) Silicate class
(ii) Carbonate class
(iii) Sulphate, phosphate, chromate etc. class
(iv) Halide class
(v) Oxide and hydroxide class
(vi) Sulphide class
(vii) Native element class
2.7. Rock-forming, ore-forming and gem varieties minerals
2.7.1 Dominant rock forming minerals
2.7.2 Common ore forming minerals
2.7.3 Notable precious and semiprecious minerals
2.8. Identification of minerals under microscope
2.9. Geological time-scale and unconformity between rock formations
2.8.1 The relative and absolute time-scale
2.8.2 Unconformity of rock formations and its delimitation
2.10 Field identification of common rocks with simple accessories
2.11 Summary
Review questions
3. Rock structures and their Engineering significance
3.1 Deformation mechanism of rocks
3.1.1 Stress and strain result on brittle and ductile rocks
3.1.2 Elastic and plastic deformation
3.2 Folds and causes of their formation
3.2.1 Anatomy of folds
3.2.2Anticline and syncline, their symmetry and other features
3.2.3 Principal types of folds and their field characters
3.3 Causes and mechanism of faults
3.3.1 Basic terms related to a fault
3.3.2 Illustrative description of different types of fault
3.3.3 Effect of faulting in brittle and ductile rocks
3.3.4 Clues for field identification of faults
3.4. Causes of Jointing and genetic types of joints in rocks
3.4.1 Orientation, spacing, roughness and other features of joints
3.4.2 Types of joints in different rock types and their origin
3.4.3 Diagrammatic representation of joints
3.5 Primary structures of sedimentary rocks and their significance
3.6 Potential problems from rock structures in engineering constructions
3.6.1 Problems of fold
3.6.2 Harmful effects of fault
3.6.3 Weakness of rocks due to joints, fractures and other features
3.7 Summary
Review questions
4. Weathering of rocks and its impact in engineering constructions
4.1Types of weathering
4.2 Mechanical weathering
4.2.1 Thermal stress
4.2.2 Spheroidal weathering
4.2.3 Frost action
4.2.4 Pressure release
4.2.5 Slaking and haloclasty
4.2.6 Tree root action
4.3 Chemical weathering
4.3.1 Oxidation
4.3.2 Carbonation
4.3.3 Hydration
4.3.4 Hydrolysis
4.4 Biological weathering
4.5 Effect of weathering due to climatic condition and geologic time
4.6 Impact of weathering in engineering constructions
4.6.1 Engineering geological significance
4.7 Summary
Review questions
5. Soil formation, engineering classification and description of Indian soils
5.1 Geological processes responsible for formation of soil
5.1.1 Formation of soil from weathering and decomposition of rocks
5.1.2 Residual and transported soil
5.1.3 Erosion, transportation and deposition
5.2 Glacial, Fluvioglacial actions
5.2.1Features of glacial activity and old remnants
5.2.2 Problems of engineering construction in glacial deposits
5.2.3 Fluvioglacial and glacial-lacustrine deposits
5.3 Wind action and dunes
5.3.1 Wind bourn deposit, loess - formation and engineering problems
5.4 Formation of terraces, talus and organic deposits
5.4.1 Glacial terrace
5.4.2 River terrace
5.4.3 Marine terrace
5.4.4 Talus deposits
5.4.5 Organic soils including pits
5.5 Soils derived from different depositional regimes
(i) Alluvial soil
(ii) Glacial soil
(iii) Aeolian soil
(iv) Colluvial soil
(v) Soil from volcanic ash
(vi) Organic soil
5.6 Soil classification for engineering constructions
5.6.1 Coarse grained soil
5.6.2 Fine grained soil
5.6.3 Organic soils
5.7 Identification of different soil types
5.7.1 Visual observation to identify soil types
5.7.2 Additional information of soil for design purposes
5. 8 Clay minerals in soil and their engineering significance
5.8.1 The types of clay minerals
5.8.2 Sensitive clay, its disturbing characters and rectification
5.9 Soils of India, their characteristics and occurrence
5.10 Summary
Review Questions
6. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics
6.1 Soil component and size of soil particles
6.1.1 size fractions of soils
6.1.2 Structure of soil
6.2 Index properties of soil and their laboratory determination
6.2.1 Water content
6.2.2 Specific gravity
6.2.3 Unit weight
6.2.4 Density
6.2.5 Porosity
6.2.6 Void ratio
6.2.7 Relation between porosity and void ration
6.3 Consistency limits (Atterberg limits) and their determination
6.4 Field methods of density determination
6.4.1Water displacement method
6.4.2 Sand replacement method
6.4.3 Core cutter method
6.4.4 Rubber-Balloon method
6.5 Size and shape of soil particles
6.5.1 Mechanical analysis for sieved fractions
6.5.2 Wet analysis (sedimentation method
6.5.3 Size distribution curves of soil particles
6.5.4 Shape (angularity and roundness) of soil particles
6.6. Swelling clay and its expansive characters
6.6.1 Laboratory test fore swelling co-efficient
6.6.2 Measurement of expansive pressure
6.7 Soil permeability
6.7.1 Flow characteristics and Darcy's law
6.7.2 Laboratory determination of soil permeability
6.7.3 Determination of field permeability of soil by pumping test
6.8 Consolidation of soil
6.8.1 Laboratory test of consolidation
6.8.2 Calculation of void ratio and coefficient of volume change
6.9 Soil compaction
6.9.1 Process of compaction
6.9.2 Compression machineries and their performance
6.9.3 Standard and modified proctor test
6 9.4 Proctor needle and its use
6.10 Earth pressure and retaining structures
6.10.1 The retaining structures
6.10.2 Back-fill: materials used and drainage
6.11 Shear stress, shear strength, and failure mechanism
6.11.1 Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion
6.11.2 How to draw Mohr's circle
6.11.3 Direct shear test
6.11.4 Triaxial compression test
6.115 Unconfined compression test
6.11.6 Vane shear test
6.12 Building site geotechnical investigation
6.12.1 Loads of building and foundation exploration
6.12.2 Design Bearing capacity for building foundation
6.13 Determination of bearing capacity of soil for building site
6.13.1Static cone penetration test
6.13.2 Plate load tests
6.14 Shallow building foundations
6.14.1 Spread footing
6.14.2 Mat or raft
6.14.3 On-grade mat foundation
6.15 Deep foundation of building
6.15.1 Pile foundation
6.15.2 Pier foundation
6.15.3 Caisson
6.16 Summary
Review questions
7. Hydrology and Geological works of rivers
7.1 River hydrology
7.1.1 Hydraulic parameters
7.2 Erosional processes of a river
7.2.1 Main forces causing erosion
7.2.2 The factors deciding the rate of erosion
7.3 Depositional and transportation characteristics of a river
7.3.1 Manner movement of sediment load
7.3.2 Sediment load of Indian rivers
7.4 Work-activity of a rive in different stages
7.4.1Young stage river work-activity
7.4.2 The middle or mature stage work and meandering flow
7.4.3 Old stage work and formation of deltas
7.5 Characteristic deposition of deltaic environment
7.6 The river drainage patterns and river-capture
7.7 Engineering use of river deposits/alluvial soil
7.8 Summary
Review questions
8. Geological works of oceans and coastal management
8.1 Ocean features and divisions of ocean floor
8.2 The agents of ocean activity
8.2.1 Waves: characteristic and activity
8.2.2 Current: types and behavior
8.2.3 Tides: patterns and effect
8.3 Landform created by ocean erosion
8.4 Some typical oceanic landforms
8.5 Coastal landforms of varied patterns and deposits
8.6 Erosion of shallow coastal land
8.6.1 The basic aspects
8.6.2 Harmful effect coastal erosion
8.6.3 Erosion of beach and dunes
8.6.4 Erosion of rocky coast/cliff area
8.7 Littoral drifts
8.8 Coastal management
8.8.1 Use or groins, concrete and masonry wall, gabion and sand dunes
8.8.2 Beach restoration
8. 9. A case study - Coastal Erosion at Uppada along Kakinada Coast of Andhra Pradesh (after Pal and Rao, 2009)
8.10 Summary
Review questions
9. Underground water in relation to Engineering works
9.1 Hydrologic cycle
9.2 Mode of occurrence and source of underground water
9.2.1 Groundwater and vadose water
9.2.2 Juvenile and connate water
9.3 Configuration of water table
9.3.1 Fluctuation of water table
9.3.2 Perched water table
9.4 Soil water
9.4.1 Structural water
9.4.2 Hydroscopic water
9.4.3 Capillary water
9.5 Confined and unconfined aquifers
9.5.1 Aquifer and aquiclude
9.5.2 Hydrologic criteria to find aquifers
9.5.3 Artesian flow
9.5.4 Springs and their origin
9.6 Water retaining and transmitting capacity of soil and rock
9.6.1 Porosity of soil
9.6.2 Permeability in relation to porosity
9.7 Groundwater movement
9.8 Systematic groundwater investigation
9.8.1 Basin-wise study
9.8.2 Groundwater in hard rock mass
9.8.3 Groundwater maps
9.9 Groundwater province of India
9.10 Utility, yield, withdrawal and artificial recharge of groundwater
9.10.1 Uses in urban and rural areas
9.10.2 Yield in different parts of India
9.10.3 Cone of depression
9.10.4 Environmental degradation
9.10.5 Artificial recharge
9.10.6 Saltwater intrusion in groundwater
9.11 Influence of underground water in engineering constructions
9.11.1 Dams and reservoirs
9.11.2 Road pavements and soil slopes
9.11.3 Groundwater problem in tunnelling
9.11.4 Water retaining structures
9.12 A Case study of groundwater problem and its solution
9.13 Summary
Review questions
10. Application of Rock Mechanics in Engineering Geology
10.1 Relevance of rock mechanics in evaluating rock and rock mass properties
10.2 Determination of common properties of rocks
10.2.1 Specific gravity
10.2.2 Density
10.2.3 Unit weight
10.2.4 Porosity
10.2.5 Absorption
10.3 Measurement of strength of intact rocks
10.3.1 Rebound hammer test
10.3.2 Point load test
10.3.3 Uniaxial compression test
10.3.4 Triaxial Compression test
10.3.5 Brazilian tests
10.3.6 Results of common engineering properties
10.4 Elastic properties of rocks
10.5 Measurement of stress in underground rocks
10.5.1 Flat jack test
10.5 2 Borehole over-coring method of stress measurement
10.5.3 Borehole extensometer test for rock movement
10.6 Estimation of rock mass properties
10.6.1 Rock mass classification
10.6.2 Classification of Terzaghi
10.6.3 Rock Quality designation Index (RQD)
10.7 NGI rock mass classification to estimate tunnelling quality index Q
10.7.1The parameters used in NGI classification with tables
10.7.2 A practical example of using tunnel quality index Q
10.8 Geomechanics classification of rock mass
10.8.1Parameters used in Rock Mass Ratings with Tables
10.8.2 Practical example of use of RMR
10.9 Geological Strength Index (GSI) for blocky and heterogeneous rocks
10.10 Summary
Review questions
11. Site Investigation: Remote Sensing, Geophysical Exploration and Drilling
11.1 Different stages of site investigation
11.1.1 Initial stage (Planning phase)
(i) Preparation of geological map
(ii) Dip and strike
(iii) Geological map vs. engineering geology map
11.1.2 Feasibility stage (Design phase)
(i) Special purpose engineering geology map
(ii) Subsurface map/Drill hole data presentation
11.1.3 Construction stage
11.1.4 Post-construction stage
11.2 Aerial photo interpretation and satellite remote sensing
11.2.1 Aerial photography
11.2.2 Application of stereoscope
11.2.3 Photographic elements: tone, shape and texture
11.2.4 Ground pattern
11.2.5 Identification of common rocks
11.2.6 Identification of large rock bodies and major rock structures
11.2.7 Satellite remote sensing:
(i) Techniques of producing imagery
(ii) Application of remote sensing
11.3 Geophysical exploration
11.3.1 Seismic survey
11.3.2 Gravity survey
11.3.3 Magnetic survey
11.3.4 Resistivity survey
113.5 Radioactivity logging
11.4 Sub-soil exploration and sampling in soil
11.4.1 Exploration in sites of engineering structures
11.4.2 Sampling from pit and using soil sampler with drill rod
11.5 Methods of subsoil investigation
11.5.1 Pitting and trenching
11.5.2 Penetration resistance
11.5.3 Exploration by drill holes
(i) Auger holes
(ii) Wash boring
(iii) Percussion drilling
11.6 Exploratory drilling in rock
11.6.1 Importance of rock drilling in engineering geology work
11.6.2 Rotary drilling
11.6.3 Spacing of drill holes
11.6.4 Selection of bits for drilling in boulder deposit
11.6.5 How to improve core recovery
11.6.6 Logging of drill cores & diagrammatic presentation
11.7 Water pumping tests: utility and approach
11.8 Summary
Review questions
12. Construction Materials
12.1 Principal types of construction material
12.2 Character and usage of different types of construction material
12.2.1 Dimension stones for building stone, facing stone and decoration
12.2.2 Crushed stones for road metal, railway ballasts and rip rap
12.2.3 Suitability of rocks for engineering construction
12.2.4 Aggregates for concrete
12.2.5 Soil and clay
12.2.6 Pozollans
12.2.7 Fly ash (Artificial Pozollans)
12.3 Laboratory tests of aggregates with Indian standard specification
12.3.1Aggregate crushing test
12.3.2 Aggregate impact test
12.3.3 Los Angel's abrasion test
12.3.4 Deval attrition test
12.3.5 Soundness test (Sodium Sulphate test)
12.4 Materials for use as railway ballast and road metal
12.4.1 Rock types suitable and the desired properties
12.4.2 Specification of concrete aggregate by IS for road
12.5 Deleterious materials and alkali aggregate reaction
12.6 Petrographic study of aggregate
12.7 Source of construction materials in India
12.8 Exploration for construction materials and selecting quarry sites
12.9 Summary
Review questions
13. Treatment of rocks and soils by Grouting
13.1 Geotechnical considerations in grouting
13.1.1 Relation of grouting to rock type, structure and overburden
13.1.2 Problem of grouting cavities
13.2 Different types of grouting including their patterns
13.2.1 Curtain grouting
13.2.2 Consolidation grouting
13. 2.3 Blanket grouting
13. 2.4 Contact growing
13.2.5 Special purpose grouting
13.3 Grouting equipment and packers
13.4 Basic ingredients of grout and admixtures
13.4.1 Ingredient of grout
13.4.2 Grout mixture
13.4.3 Chemical grout and epoxy grout with instance of their use
13.5 Grouting approach for various engineering structures
13.5.1 Grouting of concrete dam foundation
13.5.2 Grouting Earth and Rock fill dam
13.5.3 Grout curtain with drainage holes
13.5.4 Reservoir rim grouting
13.5.5 Grouting tunnel and Underground chamber
13.6 Grouting plan and pattern with Indian examples
13.6.1 Geological approach in preparing plan for grouting
13.6.2 Grouting plan with typical example
13.6.3 Statistics of foundation grouting of major Indian dams
13.7 Effective pressure and rock mass permeability
13.8 Treatment of cavity by grouting
13.9 Efficacy of grouting
13.10 Summary
Review questions
14. Dams and Spillways
14.1 Terminology and basic aspects of dam construction
14.1.1 Acting forces and design principles of dam safety
14.1.2 The utilities of dams
14.2 Types of dams and their functions
14.2.1 Concrete dams
(i) Gravity dam
(ii) Arch dam
(iii) Buttress dam
14.2.2 Masonry dam
14.2.3 Rock-fill dam
14.2.4 Earth dam
14.2.5 Composite dam, tailing dam, barrage and weir
14.3 Spillways and gates
14.3.1 Normal spillway
14.3.2 Pipe spillway
14.3.3 Tunnel spillway
14.3.4 Glory hole spillway
14.3.5 Side channel spillway
14.3.6 Outlet work
14.3.7 Gates of different types and their functions
14.4 Influence of geomorphology and geology in the design of a dam
14.5 Adverse effect of fault in dam foundation and its treatment
14.5.1 Treatment of fault by plug and its depth calculation
14.5.2 Stresses along fault at different dispositions
14.6 Causative factors of dam disasters
14.6.1Geological causes
14.6.2 Other causes
14.7 Preliminary investigation and selection of a dam site
14.8 Detailed investigation of a dam site for design purposes
14.9 Source of building materials for different types of dam
14.9.1 Building materials for concrete dams
14.9.2 Boulders and rock fragments for masonry dams
14.9.3 Fill material for rock fill-dams
14.9.4 Sandy and clayey materials for earth dams
14.9.5 Rip-rap for protecting dam slopes
14.9.6 Impervious core materials for a dam
14.9.7 Guidelines for selecting sites for building materials
14.10 River diversion and construction work
14.10.1 Method of diverting river
14.10.2 Foundation preparation
14.10 3 Construction approach for dams of different types
14.11 Post-construction work
14.12 Summary
Review questions
15. Reservoirs
15.1 Creation and function of a reservoir
15.2 Degradation of catchment and reservoir rim areas
15.3 Erosion of reservoir area and sedimentation
15.3.1 Relation of erosion with rainfall
15.3.2 Sedimentation/siltation rate
15.3.3 Measurement of siltation
15.3.4 Siltation study by remote sensing and aerial-photo study
15.4 Reservoir capacity and reservoir life
15.5 Salient aspects of reservoir investigation
15.5.1 Different possibilities of reservoir leakage
15.5.2 Problem from slide and resultant sedimentation
15.5 3 Investigation for protection of national assets
15.6 Pump Storage scheme with case- study
15.6.1 The basic aspects
15.6.2 Investigation for Pump storage scheme
15.6.3 Case study of Pump storage schemes
(A) Kadampari Pump storage, Tamil Nadu
(B) Purulia Pump storage, West Bengal
15.7 Petrological study of suspended silts in river water
15.7.1 Procedure for determining hardness of particles
15.7.2 An example of hardness measurement of river silt
15.8 Reservoir related earthquakes
15.9 Environmental impact on creation of a reservoir
15.9.1 The salient aspect of environmental changes
15.9.2 Measures to minimise adverse environmental effect
15.10 Summary
Review questions
16. Tunnels
16.1 Components and types of tunnel
16.2 Tunnelling through rocks
16.2.1 Rock pressure and arching action in a tunnel
16.2.2 Effect of bedded rock on tunnel lining
16.2.3 Effect of a fault traversing a tunnel
16.2.4 Effect of folds on tunnel lining
16.2.5 Rock cover and overbreaks in relation to joints
16.2.6 Relation of overbreaks with tunnel dimensions
16.3 Tunnelling through soft ground
16.3.1 Type of material, imposed load and stability
16.3.2 The method of soft ground tunnelling
16.4 Geological hazards in tunnelling
(i).Overbreaks
(ii) Spalling
(iii) Flowing ground
(iii) Squeezing and heaving
(iv) Thermal spring
(v) Gas flow
(vi) Seismicity
16.5 Different stages of geotechnical works for tunnel
16.5.1 Selection of tunnel alignment
16.5.2 Subsurface exploration
16.5.3 Construction stage work: 3-D Tunnel Logging
16.5.4 Other geological activities of tunnel work
16.6 Conventional methods and machineries used in tunnelling
16.6.1 Conventional method of tunnelling by TBM
16.6.2 Tunnelling by Rock Header machine
16.6.3 Shield method of tunnel excavation
16.7 Excavation methods of rock tunnelling and support system
16.7.1 Methods of full face, top heading, side & multiple drift
16.7.2 Seven types of tunnel support including rock bolting
16.8 Pressure tunnel and lining
16.9 Rock mass quality and support requirement
16.9.1 Design aspects
16.9.2 Rock load system of Terzaghi for Tunnel support
16.9.3 Methods of evaluating tunnel support by Q and RMR system
16.10 Summary
Review questions
17. Powerhouses
17.1 Different types of powerhouse and generation of hydropower
17.1.1 Harnessing hydropower from river
17.2 Surface powerhouse of hydroelectric project
17.2.1 Landform characters of a surface power house
17.2.2 Preliminary site investigation including air photo study
17.2.3 Detailed site investigation by subsurface investigation
17.2.4 Laboratory testing of rocks for strength properties
17.2.5 Large scale foundation mapping and study of seismicity
17.3 Instances of geotechnical problems of surface powerhouse and remedy
(1) Powerhouse of Ramganganga Project of Uttar Pradesh
(2) Bassi powerhouse of Himachal Pradesh,
(3) Balimela powerhouse of Orissa.
17.4 Underground powerhouse of a hydroelectric project.
17.4.1 General aspects
17.4.2 Special considerations
17.5 Instances of underground powerhouse problem and measures adopted
(1) Powerhouse of Koyana project of Maharashtra,
(2) Kadamparai powerhouse of Tamil Nadu,
(3) Powerhouse of Srisailam project of Andhra Pradesh.
17.6 Thermal powerhouse
17.6.1 Basic needs
17.5.2 Site investigation by mapping and subsurface drilling
17.7 Nuclear powerhouse
17.7.1Guidelines of Atomic Energy Commission on site selection
17.7.2 Method of engineering geology investigation
17.7.3 Problems of site selection in Himalayan area
17.7.4 Problem of locating an Atomic power plant in alluvium
17.8 Summary
Review questions
18. Bridges
18.1 The basics of a bridge
18.2 Major types of bridges and acting forces
18.2.1 Girder bridge
18.2.2 Arch bridge
18.2.3 Cantilever bridge
18.2.4 Suspension bridge
18.2.5 Cable stayed bridge
18.3 Supports and foundations of bridges
18.3.1Abutments and piers
18.3.2 Well foundation for bridges
18.3.3 Composition of a well foundation
18.3.4 Sinking of well to sub-soil
18.3.5 Depth of well foundation
18.4 Different aspects of geotechnical investigation of a bridge site
18.5 Bridge sites in hilly terrains
18.5.1 Upper reaches
18.5.2 Middle Reaches
18.5.3 Lower reaches
18.6 Bridge sites in alluvial plains
18.7 Bridge foundation in subsoil in relation to scouring depth
18.8 Construction materials for bridge
18.9 Salient points related to bridge site investigation
18.10 Case study of bridges including a collapsed bridge
(1) Aqueduct cum road-bridge in Madhya Pradesh
(2) Tikira high level road bridge of Orissa
(3) Failure of a NH bridge over Chambal river in Rajasthan
(4) Foundation problem of Banas bridge in Rajasthan
(5) Distressed railway bridge of Bhagalpur district, Bihar
18.11 Summary
Review questions
19. Highways, Runways, Canals, Power channels and Flumes
19.1 Highways
19.1.1 Site investigation for highway
19.1.2 Placement of pavement materials and drainage
19.1.3 Quality of aggregate materials and their function
19.2 Runways
19.2.1 The plan of a runway
19.2.2 The investigation approach
19.2.3 Runway pavement
19.2.4 Seepage problem in pavement and corrective measures
19.3 Canals
19.3.1 Basic aspects
19.3.2 Site investigation by geological mapping and exploratory works
19.3.3 Excavation and filling involved in canal
19.3.4 The design aspects of soil slope and water depth of a canal
19.4 Power channels
19.4.1 Choice of construction and selection of alignment
19.4.2 Case study of power channel
19.4.3 Siphon to carry water from canals and power channel
19.5 Flumes
19.5.1 Geological problems and remedial measures
19.5.2 Aqueduct for carrying water from canal/flume
19.5.3 Summary
Review questions
20. Natural hazards
20.1 Earthquake
20.1.1 Causative factors of earthquake
20.1.2 Seismic waves and other earthquake related terminology
20.1.3 How to locate an earthquake
20.2 Earth's interior and travel of seismic waves
20.3 Continental drift and plate tectonics in relation to earthquakes
20.3.1 Main possibilities of plate movement and resultant earthquakes
20.3.2 Interplate earthquakes and Intraplate earthquakes
20.4 Volcano and its activity related to earthquake and other effects
20.4.1 Major types of volcano including an active volcano of Hawaii
20.5 Magnitude and Intensity of earthquake
20.5.1 Magnitude in Richter scale
20.5.2 Seismic intensity in Marcalli scale
20.6 Seismic zoning and earthquake resistant codes
20.6.1 Seismic Zoning map of India
20.6.2 Earthquake resistance code for design of structure
20.6.3 Tips and earthquake resistant design and construction
20.7 Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS)
20.7.1 RIS experienced in different parts of the world
20.7.2 The conditions for generating RIS
20.8 Seismotectonic framework of India
20.9 Geological consideration in aseismic design
20.10 Clues for earthquake forecasting
20.10.1 Various approaches including measure by GPS
20.10.2 Earthquake disaster mitigation
20.11 Case study of a devastating earthquake
20.12 Tsunami
20.14 Meaning of tsunami, its characters and destructive action
20.14.1 Origin of tsunami
20.14.2 Destructive actions of tsunami
20.15 The great tsunami of December, 2004 affecting Coastal India
20.16 Coastal erosion, protection of coast and safety against tsunami
20.17 Summary
Review questions
21. Landslide evaluation and mitigation
21.1 Hazards of landslides
21.2 Landslide types: classification and description
21.2.1 Falls
21.2.2 Topples
21.2.3 Slides
21.2.4 Lateral spread
21.2.5 Flows
21.2.6 Complex
21.3 Causes of landslides
21.3.1 Geological processes
21.3.2 Human actions
21.3.4 Natural causes
21.4 Investigation of areas affected by landslides and slide-prone area
21.5 Landslide hazard zonation mapping on BIS guideline
21.6 Landslide hazard mitigation
21.6.1 Modification of slope geometry and prevention of land erosion
21.6.2 Drainage arrangement in relation to groundwater management
21.6.3 Slope reinforcement
21.6.4 Retaining structures
21.6.5 Other methods of soil stabilization
21.7 Instances of major landslides of India with causes and effect
21.8 Case study on landslides of India happened in the recent past
21.8.1 Landslides in different parts of India that took place in recent pas
21. 9 Case study of Mizoram landslides (after Mukherje et al, 2009)
21.10 Summary
Review questions
22. Karstic terrain investigation
22.1 Solubility of limestone and formation of karst
22.2 Surface and subsurface forms of caverns
22.2.1 Surface caverns: sinkholes, swallow holes
22.2.2 Subsurface caverns: solution channels/tunnels
22.2.3 Stalactites and Stalagmites
22.3 Investigation methods for evaluation of karstic condition
22.3.1 Speleologic study
22.3.2 Geophysical study
22.3.3 Exploration by drilling
22.4 Chemical and radioactive tracer study of reservoir
22.4.1 Investigation method using chemical tracer
22.4.2 Radioactive tracer study
22.5 Construction of dams and reservoirs in karstic limestone
22.6 Instances of karstic limestone problems and remedial measures
1. Projects of India (i) Kopili, Meghalaya (ii) Obra, Madhya Pradesh
2. Projects in other countries of world
22.7 Summary
Review questions
23. Guidelines for writing Engineering Geology report
23.1 Objective of engineering geology report
23.2 Basic aspects
23.3 Geological inputs
23. 4 Report for different phases of site investigation
23.4.1 Planning phase
23.4.2 Design phase
23.4.3 Construction phase
23.5 Report for special investigation
23.6 In-field preparation of write-up for a report
23.7 Illustrative example of report writing
(A planning stage report of Dr. J.B. Auden)
23.8 Summary
Review questions
24. Physiography, stratigraphy and ores and minerals of India
24.1 Physiographic features of India
24.1.1 The Peninsular plateau
24.1.2 The Extra-Peninsular area
24.1.3 Indo-Gangetic plains
24.2 The Stratigraphy of India
24.2.1 Geological formations of India from Archaean to Recent
24.3 The Archaean Complex
24.3.1 Gneisses and Granites
24.3.2 Precambrian sediments
24.4 Palaeozoic Era
24.4.1 Cambrian System
24.4.2 Silurian and Devonian
24.4.3 Carboniferous and Permian
24.5 Gondwana formation
25.6 The Mesozoic Era
25.6.1 Triassic period
25.6.2 Jurassic period
25.6.3 Cretaceous period
25.7 The Tertiary rock formations
24.8 The Quaternary period
24.9 Economic resources from produces of rock formations
24.9.1Metallic minerals
24.9.2 Non-Metallic minerals
24.9.3 Coal and petroleum
24.9.4 Building stones
24.10 Summary
Review questions
Appendix A Geotechnical problems of dams and their solutions
A.1 Dams founded on igneous rocks
(1) Koyna , Maharashtra
(2) Ukai, Gujarat
A. 2 Dams built on sedimentary rocks
(1) Rana Pratap Sagar, Rajasthan
(2) Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh
A. 3 Dams founded on metamorphic rocks
(1) Idukki, Kerala
(2) Umiam, Meghalaya
A. 4 Dams founded on heterogeneous rocks
(1) Hirakud, Orissa
(2) Tenughat, Bihar
A. 5 Dams of Himalayan terrain
(1) Bhakra Nangal, Punjab
(2) Ranjit Sagar, Punjab
A.6. Instances of dam failure
(1) Tigra, Madhya Pradesh
(2) Kedarnala, Madhya Pradesh
(3) Khadakwasla, Maharastra
Summary
Appendix B Geotechnical problems of tunnels and their solutions
B.1 Hard rock tunnelling
(1) Umiam Stage-I, Meghalaya
(2) Balimela, Orissa
B.2 Soft rock tunnelling
(1) Rana Pratap Sagar, Rajasthan
(2) Ramganga, Uttar Prades
B.3 Tunnelling in Himalayan terrain
(1) Jaldhaka, West Bengal
(2) Banihal, J. & K
B.4 Soft ground tunnelling
B.5 Kolkata Metro Railway Tunnel
Summary
Appendix C Glossary
References
