Molecular Fluorescent Sensors for Cellular Studies by New, Elizabeth J.;

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Publisher Wiley & Sons
Date of Publication 1 January 2022

ISBN 9781119749813
Binding Paperback
No. of pages304 pages
Size 254x178x16 mm
Weight 618 g
Language English

Long description:

Molecular Fluorescent Sensors for Cellular StudiesEnables readers to fully understand the fundamentals and chemical principles of fluorescent sensing and the design of fluorescent sensorsFluorescent sensors are able to provide specific chemical information about cells and can be invaluable in understanding processes that underpin health and disease. Molecular Fluorescent Sensors for Cellular Studies provides an avenue into and overview of currently available fluorescent sensing technology and its application to biological imaging.This book aims to help the reader understand the principles of fluorescence and the mechanisms by which fluorescent sensors operate in order to ensure appropriate and optimal use of sensors. Key applications of fluorescent sensing are presented, with explanations not only of how new sensors can be designed, but also how existing sensors can be applied to various biological settings and conditions. Clear and engaging schematics throughout the book explain chemical principles of sensing to the non-expert.* Discusses the breadth of fluorescent sensors, from commercially available sensors to those reported in literature which are yet to be used widely* Explains how fluorescent sensors operate for appropriate and optimal use from a theoretical standpoint* Provides guidance on how to achieve optimal use of fluorescent sensors in practical settings* Summarizes the principles behind fluorescent sensors and their designThis work will be an invaluable resource for postgraduates and professionals in the fields of microscopy, bioimaging, and diagnostic imaging who wish to harness the information to improve practical applications and to gain key knowledge surrounding the many facets of fluorescent sensing. It is also of interest to medical and biological researchers working across industry, universities and medical institutes.

List of Contributors ix1 An Introduction to Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors 1Liam D. Adair, Kylie Yang, and Elizabeth J. New1.1 What is Fluorescence? 11.2 Why Is Fluorescence Useful? 31.3 What Is a Fluorescent Sensor? 41.4 General Types of Fluorescent Sensors 51.5 Important Parameters 71.5.1 Excitation Maxima 71.5.2 Emission Maxima 81.5.3 Stokes Shift 81.5.4 Quantum Yield 91.5.5 Molar Extinction Coefficient 91.5.6 Brightness 101.5.7 Lifetime 101.5.8 Photobleaching 111.5.9 Anisotropy 121.5.10 Quenching 121.6 Fluorescence Mechanisms Used in Fluorescent Sensors 131.6.1 Photoinduced Electron Transfer 131.6.2 Internal Charge Transfer 141.6.3 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer 151.6.4 Through Bond Energy Transfer 171.6.5 Excited
- State Intramolecular Proton Transfer 181.6.6 Aggregation
- Induced Emission 191.6.7 Excimer Formation 211.7 Commonly Used Fluorophores 211.7.1 Fluorescein 221.7.2 Rhodamine 241.7.3 Coumarin 261.7.4 Naphthalimide 261.7.5 BODIPY (4,4
- Difluoro4
- bora
- 3a,4a
- diaza
- s
- indacene) 271.7.6 Cyanine 281.8 Summary 30References 302 The Applications of Responsive Fluorescent Sensors to Biological Systems 37Jia Hao Yeo and Elizabeth J. New2.1 Criteria for Biologically Relevant Fluorescent Sensors 372.2 Microscopy for Visualising Fluorescent Sensors 392.2.1 Important Considerations in Microscopy 392.2.1.1 Resolution in Microscopy 392.2.1.2 Understanding the Competition Between True Signal and Noise 412.2.1.3 Phototoxicity in Cells 422.2.2 Common Microscopy Techniques 432.2.2.1 Fluorescence Microscopy 432.2.2.2 Confocal Microscopy 442.2.2.3 Multiphoton Microscopy 452.2.2.4 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 452.2.2.5 Other Advanced Microscopy Techniques 472.3 Other Instrumental Techniques for Studying Cells Treated with Fluorescent Sensors 492.3.1 Flow Cytometry 492.3.1.1 Principles of Flow Cytometry 492.3.1.2 Understanding Flow Cytometry Data with Small
- molecule Sensors 502.3.1.3 Recent Advances in Flow Cytometry 512.3.2 Fluorescence Plate
- readers 512.3.2.1 Standard Plate
- reader Assays 512.3.2.2 High
- content Imaging (HCI) Plate
- readers 522.4 Biological Samples to Which Fluorescent Sensors Can Be Applied 522.4.1 Cultured Mammalian Cells 522.4.1.1 Adherent Mammalian Cells 532.4.1.2 Non
- adherent Cells 532.4.1.3 Multi
- cellular Models 542.4.2 Bacteria 542.4.3 Plants 542.4.4 Multi
- cellular Organisms 552.4.5 Towards In Vivo Imaging 552.5 Common Challenges and Misconceptions in the Applications of Fluorescent Sensors 562.5.1 Important Considerations in Applying Sensors 562.5.2 Common Misconceptions About the Use of Sensors
- The Bridge Between Multiple Disciplines 572.6 Conclusions 60References 603 Methods to Control the Subcellular Localisation of Fluorescent Sensors 63Jiarun Lin, Kylie Yang, and Elizabeth J. New3.1 Introduction 633.2 Targeting the Nucleus 643.3 Targeting Mitochondria 663.4 Targeting Lysosomes 673.5 Targeting Endosomes 693.6 Targeting Autophagic Compartments 703.7 Targeting Peroxisomes 703.8 Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum 713.9 Targeting the Golgi Apparatus 723.10 Targeting Lipid Droplets 733.11 Targeting the Plasma Membrane 743.12 Targeting the Cytoskeleton 753.13 Targeting the Cytosol 763.14 Trapping and Accumulation of Sensors 76References 774 Recognition
- based Sensors for Cellular Imaging 83Amy A. Bowyer, Jianping Zhu, and Elizabeth J. New4.1 Considerations for Recognition
- based Sensing 834.1.1 Receptor
-Analyte Recognition and Binding Affinity 844.1.1.1 Defining Binding Affinity 854.1.1.2 Measuring Binding Stoichiometries and Binding Affinity 854.1.2 Key Considerations to Enhance Selective Receptor to Analyte Recognition 874.1.2.1 Size 884.1.2.2 The Chelate Effect 884.1.2.3 Hard
-Soft Acid
-Base Theory 894.1.2.4 Crystal and Ligand Field Theory 894.2 Recognition
- based Cation Sensing 914.2.1 Group I and II Metal Sensing 924.2.1.1 The Biological Significance of Group I and II Metals 924.2.1.2 Receptor Group Design for Group I and II Metals 934.2.2 Essential Transition Metal Sensing 984.2.2.1 The Biological Significance of Essential Transition Metals 984.2.2.2 Receptor Group Design for Essential Transition Metals 994.2.3 Toxic Metal Sensing 1074.2.3.1 The Biological Significance of Toxic Metals 1074.2.3.2 Receptor Group Design for Toxic Metals 1084.3 Recognition
- based Anion Sensing 1104.3.1 Anion Sensing Approaches 1104.3.1.1 Hydrogen Bonding 1104.3.1.2 Displacement Approach 1114.3.1.3 Metal Coordination 1124.3.2 Halogen Ions Sensing 1134.3.2.1 The Biological Role of Halogen Ions 1134.3.2.2 Recognition
- based Fluorescent Sensors for Halogen Ions 1134.3.3 Inorganic Phosphates and Pyrophosphates 1144.3.3.1 The Biological Role of Inorganic Phosphates and Pyrophosphates 1144.3.3.2 Sensors for Inorganic Phosphates 1154.3.3.3 Sensors for Inorganic Pyrophosphate 1164.3.4 Bicarbonate, Hydrogen Sulfate, and Nitrate 1204.3.4.1 The Biological Roles of Bicarbonate, Hydrogen Sulfate, and Nitrate 1204.3.4.2 Sensors for Bicarbonate, Hydrogen Sulfate, and Nitrate 1214.4 Conclusions 123References 1235 Activity
- based Fluorescent Sensors and Their Applications in Biological Studies 129Liam D. Adair, Nian Kee Tan, and Elizabeth J. New5.1 Introduction 1295.1.1 Design Principles 1305.2 Oxidation Reactions for Sensing Oxidative Species 1315.2.1 Fluorescent Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide 1315.2.2 Fluorescent Sensors for Peroxynitrite 1345.2.3 Fluorescent Sensors for Hypochlorous Acid 1365.2.4 Fluorescent Sensors for Nitric Oxide 1375.2.5 Fluorescent Sensors for Singlet Oxygen 1385.3 Reduction Reactions for Sensing Reductive Species 1405.3.1 Fluorescent Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfides 1405.3.2 Fluorescent Sensors for Glutathione, Cysteine, and Homocysteine 1415.3.3 Fluorescent Sensors for Selenocysteine 1445.4 Reactions for Sensing Carbonyl Species 1455.4.1 Fluorescent Sensors for Formaldehyde 1455.4.2 Fluorescent Sensors for Methylglyoxal 1465.5 Metal
- mediated Reactions 1485.6 Metal
- sensing Reactions 1495.7 Enzymatic Reactions 1555.8 Reversible Reactions 1595.8.1 Nucleophilic Conjugate Additions 1595.8.2 Nucleophilic Addition 1625.8.3 Imine Formation 1625.8.4 Oxidation
-Reduction Reactions 1635.9 Analyte Regeneration 1645.10 Summary 166References 1666 Fluorescent Sensors of the Cellular Environment 173Nian Kee Tan, Jianping Zhu, and Elizabeth J. New6.1 Fluorescent Sensors for Polarity and Viscosity 1736.1.1 The Biological Significance of Polarity and Viscosity 1736.1.2 Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer as a Mechanism for Polarity and Viscosity Sensing 1746.1.2.1 TICT
- based Viscosity Sensors 1766.1.2.2 TICT
- based Polarity Sensors 1786.1.3 Polarity Sensors Based on Other Mechanisms 1786.1.3.1 Polarity Sensors Based on Intramolecular Charge Transfer Mechanism 1786.1.3.2 Polarity Sensors Based on Excited
- state Intramolecular Proton Transfer Mechanism 1806.1.3.3 Polarity Sensors Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism 1806.2 Fluorescent Sensors for pH 1816.2.1 The Regulation of pH in Health and Disease 1816.2.2 Considerations and Design Strategies for the Preparation of pH Sensors 1826.2.2.1 Methods to Control pK a 1836.2.3 Examples of pH Sensors 1856.2.3.1 Photoinduced Electron Transfer as a Mechanism for Sensing 1856.2.3.2 The Ring Opening of Rhodamines as a Mechanism for pH Sensing 1876.2.3.3 Intramolecular Charge Transfer as a Mechanism for Ratiometric pH Sensing 1886.2.3.4 pH Sensors Based on Addition Reactions 1896.3 Fluorescent Redox Sensors for Biological Studies 1906.3.1 The Regulation of Redox State in Health and Disease 1906.3.2 Design Strategies of Fluorescent Redox Sensors and Key Examples 1916.3.2.1 Redox Sensors Based on the Nitroxyl Radical/Hydroxylamine Redox Couple 1916.3.2.2 Redox Sensors Based on the Quinone/Hydroquinone Redox Couple 1926.3.2.3 Redox Sensors Based on Chalcogens 1936.3.2.4 Redox Sensors Based on Flavins and Nicotinamides 1946.4 Conclusions 196References 1977 Labelling Proteins and Biomolecules with Small Fluorescent Sensors 201Joy Ghrayche, Marcus E. Graziotto, Paris I. Jeffcoat, and Elizabeth J. New7.1 Labelling Biomolecules in Cells with Fluorescent Sensors 2017.2 Small
- molecule Modifications and Bioorthogonal Reactions 2047.2.1 Polar Ketone and Aldehyde Condensations 2047.2.2 Azide Bioorthogonal Chemistry 2057.2.2.1 Staudinger Ligations 2067.2.2.2 Copper Azide
-Alkyne Cycloadditions 2087.2.2.3 Strain
- promoted Cycloadditions 2087.2.2.4 Fluorogenic Dyes for Azide
-Alkyne Labelling 2097.2.3 Tetrazine Ligation 2107.2.4 Commercial Fluorescent Labels 2157.3 Short peptide Recognition Sequences 2157.4 Fusion Protein Tagging Systems 2187.4.1 FKBP Tag 2197.4.2 eDHFR Tag 2207.4.3 PYP Tag 2237.4.4 SNAP
- Tag and CLIP
- Tag 2257.4.5 HaloTag 2297.5 Enzymatic Modifications for Labelling Proteins 2307.5.1 The LAP
- tag System 2307.5.2 Protein Trans
- splicing 2337.6 Future Developments 235References 2358 Future Directions of Fluorescence Sensors for Cellular Studies 241Jiarun Lin, Natalie Trinh, and Elizabeth New8.1 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 2418.1.1 Introduction 2418.1.2 Advantages of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 2428.1.3 Examples of Sensors for FLIM 2428.1.3.1 Endogenous Sensors 2428.1.3.2 Exogenous Sensors 2438.1.4 Future Directions 2458.2 Near
- infrared Sensors 2468.2.1 Strategies to Make NIR Sensors 2478.2.2 NIR Fluorophore Scaffolds 2478.2.2.1 Cyanine Dyes and Their Derivatives 2478.2.2.2 BODIPY Dyes 2508.2.2.3 Squaraine Dyes 2508.2.2.4 Other Dye Scaffolds 2518.2.3 Future Directions 2528.3 Dual
- analyte Sensing 2528.3.1 Introduction 2528.3.2 Reversible Dual
- analyte Sensors 2548.3.3 Reaction Dual
- analyte Sensors 2558.3.4 Mixed Dual
- analyte Sensors 2558.3.5 Sequence
- specific Reactions 2568.3.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 2578.4 Super
- resolution Microscopy 2588.4.1 Introduction 2588.4.2 Super
- resolution Microscopy Techniques 2588.4.3 Considerations for Use of Super Resolution Microscopy 2628.4.4 Fluorescent Sensors for Super
- resolution Microscopy 2638.4.5 Future Directions 2658.5 Multimodality 2678.5.1 Introduction 2678.5.2 Radioisotope Techniques 2678.5.3 Computed Tomography 2698.5.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2698.5.5 Photoacoustic Imaging 2718.5.6 Vibrational Spectroscopy 2718.5.7 Synchrotron X
- ray Techniques 2738.5.8 Mass Spectrometry 2738.5.9 Electron Microscopy 2748.5.10 Three or More Modalities 2768.5.11 Future Directions 277References 278Index 285