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  • Demagogues, Power, and Friendship in Classical Athens: Leaders as Friends in Aristophanes, Euripides, and Xenophon

    Demagogues, Power, and Friendship in Classical Athens by Simmons, Robert Holschuh;

    Leaders as Friends in Aristophanes, Euripides, and Xenophon

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    Long description:

    What makes a demagogue? A much more friendly touch, or more importantly, a perception of a friendly touch, than has previously been explored. Demagogues, Power and Friendship in Classical Athens examines the ways in which a demagogic leadership style based on personal connection became ingrained in this period, drawing on close study of several genres of literature of the late 5th and early-to-mid 4th centuries BCE. Such connection was particularly effective with lower classes of Athenians, who had been accustomed to being excluded from politicians' friendship-based approaches to coalition-building.

    Comedies of Aristophanes (particularly Knights), tragedies of Euripides (particularly Iphigenia in Aulis), and historical biographies of Xenophon (particularly Anabasis and Cyropaedia) depict demagogues, or characters exhibiting demagogic characteristics, using a style of outreach to members of neglected classes that involved provoking feelings of friendship with individuals in these classes, whether the demagogues and individual supporters actually interacted closely or not. These leaders employed techniques, such as propinquity, homophily, and transitivity, that both contemporary sociologists (and, in some cases, Aristotle) recognize as effective for such purposes. Particular attention is paid to discrepancies in Aristophanes' Knights between how the demagogue Cleon is hyperbolically portrayed (as a pederastic lover of the Athenian people) and how his language and actions make him out - as a friend of theirs, as he likely portrayed himself.

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    Table of Contents:

    Acknowledgements
    List of Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Chapter 1: Friendship in Athenian Politics Prior to the Demagogues
    Chapter 2: Cleon and the Rise of Friendship-Based Athenian Demagogy
    Chapter 3: The Sociology of Making Individual Philoi among the Masses
    Chapter 4: Distinguishing Desire from Friendship in Leadership Models in Aristophanes' Knights
    Chapter 5: Later Developments of The "Leader as Philos" Model

    Conclusion: Cleon and The Legacy of Leadership by Friendship

    Notes
    Bibliography
    Index

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