The English Language by Brinton, Laurel; Arnovick, Leslie;

A Linguistic History

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Kiadó Oxford University Press
Megjelenés dátuma 2006. január 12.
Kötetek száma Paperback

ISBN 9780195422054
Kötéstípus Puhakötés
Terjedelem542 oldal
Méret 229x179x28 mm
Súly 847 g
Nyelv angol
Illusztrációk Numerous tables, halftones and line drawings

Kategóriák

Történeti nyelvészet Angol nyelv és irodalom

Rövid leírás:

The English Language surveys the development of the English language from its Indo-European past to the present day. Beginning with a discussion of how language changes, the text examines historical change in English from its Indo-European start through its major periods (Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English).

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Tartalomjegyzék:

List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Sample Texts
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction
Text Overview
Note on Punctuation
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Studying the History of English
Reasons for Studying the History of English
A Definition of Language
The Components of Language
Linguistic Change in English
The Periods of English
An Example of Linguistic Change
The Nature of Linguistic Change
The Inevitability of Change
The Arbitrary Nature of the Linguistic Sign
The Origin of Language
Attitudes Toward Linguistic Change
Linguistic Corruption
Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism
Resources for Studying the History of English
Chapter 2: The Sounds and Writing of English
The Sounds of English
The Phonetic Alphabet
The Phoneme
The Production of Speech
Consonants
The Consonants of English
Vowels
The Vowels of English
Stress
The Writing of English
The History of Writing
The Origin of the Alphabet
Chapter 3: Causes and Mechanisms of Language Change
Causes of Change
Internal
External
Mechanisms of Change
Phonological Change
Determining Sounds from Written Records
The Nature of Sound Change
Types of Sound Change
Morphological and Syntactic Change
Analogy
Grammaticalization
Conservative and Innovative Changes
Semantic Change
Types of Semantic Change
Some Generalizations About Semantic Change
Chapter 4: Indo-European
Classification of Languages
Typological Classification
Genealogical Classification
Language Families
The Indo-European Language Family
The Discovery of Indo-European
The Branches of Indo-European
Proto-Language
Reconstruction
Proto-Indo-European
Linguistic Features
Society
Homeland
Nostratic Theory
Chapter 5: Germanic and the Development of Old English
Proto-Germanic
Grammatical and Lexical Changes from PIE to Germanic
Phonological Changes from PIE to Germanic
First Sound Shift
Accent Shift and Ordering of Changes
Vowel Changes
Second Sound Shift and Mechanisms of Change
A Brief History of Anglo-Saxon England
The Germanic Settlement of England
The Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons
The Scandinavian Invasions of England
The Records of the Anglo-Saxons
The Dialects of Old English
The Written Records of Old English
Chapter 6: The Sounds and Words of Old English
The Orthographic System of Old English
The Phonological System of Old English
Consonants
Vowels
Sound Changes
The Word Stock of the Anglo-Saxons
Core Germanic Vocabulary
Borrowing in Old English
Word Formation in Old English
Stress
Chapter 7: The Grammar of Old English
The Nominal System
The Grammatical Categories of the Noun
Pronouns
Nouns
Demonstratives, Adjectives, and Adverbs
Agreement
Case Usage
The Verbal System
Verb Classes
The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
Inflectional Endings of the Verb
Syntax
Verbal Periphrases
Word Order
Chapter 8: The Rise of the Middle English: Words and Sounds
French and English in Medieval England
The Norman Conquest
The Establishment of French
The Re-establishment of English
The Word Stock of Middle English
French Influence
Latin Influence
The Written Records of Middle English
Middle English Dialects
Middle English Literature
Orthographic Changes
Consonant Changes
Vowel Changes
Qualitative Changes
Quantitative Changes
Chapter 9: The Grammar of Middle English and Rise of a Written Standard
Vowel Reduction and its Effects
Grammatical Developments in Middle English
Adjectives and Nouns
Pronouns
Loss of Grammatical Gender
Verbs
Syntax
Change from Synthetic to Analytic
Middle English as a Creole?
The Rise of a Standard Dialect
Chapter 10: The Sounds and Inflections of Early Modern English
The Great Vowel Shift
Nature of the Shift
Details of the Shift
Changes in the Short Vowels and Diphthongs
Changes in Consonants
Renaissance Respellings
Changes in Nominal Inflected Forms
Nouns
Pronouns
Case Usage
Changes in Verbal Inflected Forms
Verb Classes
Inflectional Endings
Chapter 11: Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and 18th Century Prescriptivism
Early Modern English Syntax
Reflexive and Impersonal Verbs
The Subjunctive and the Modal Auxiliaries
Verbal Periphrases
Do
Word Order
The Rise of Prescriptivism
Renaissance Concerns About the Language
Social, Linguistic, and Philosophical Reasons for Prescriptivism
Important Prescriptive Grammarians of the 18th Century
Aims of the 18th Century Grammarians
Ascertainment
An Academy
Methods of the 18th Century Grammarians
Authority
Model of Latin
Etymology
Reason
The Question of Usage
Dictionaries
Chapter 12: Modern English
Grammatical Changes Since Early Modern English
Modern Borrowings
The Oxford English Dictionary
The Development of National Varieties
British versus North American English
Canadian English
Australian and New Zealand English
African English
Caribbean English
Important Regional Varieties
English in the British Isles
English in the United States
Changes in Progress
Neologisms
Grammatical Changes
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
References