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  • Research Methods and the New Media

    Research Methods and the New Media by Williams, Frederick;

    Sorozatcím: Free Press Series on Communication Technology and Society;

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    A termék adatai:

    • Kiadó Free Press
    • Megjelenés dátuma 1988. szeptember 26.
    • Kötetek száma Trade Paperback

    • ISBN 9780029353318
    • Kötéstípus Puhakötés
    • Terjedelem228 oldal
    • Méret 228x152x15 mm
    • Súly 345 g
    • Nyelv angol
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    Hosszú leírás:

    The "new media" -- interactive videodiscs, telecommunications, computers, VCRs, teletext systems, and more -- present researchers with new challenges when it comes to studying practical applications or theoretical effects. This valuable volume aids researchers in first recognizing the special qualities of interactivity, demassification, and asynchroneity that the new media have created and to instruct professional researchers and students in alternative research methods, multiple methods, and the triangulation of results. For the first time, a variety of methods are examined as they apply to new media research, including mathematical modeling, controlled experiments, quasiexperiments, surveys, longitudinal studies, field studies, archival and secondary research, futures research and forecasting, content analysis, case studies, and focus groups.
    Whether the problem to be researched is as focused as considering the cost-benefit for a school wishing to adopt computers in the classroom or as wide-ranging as determining the effects of video games on child socialization, this up-to-date and thorough guide alerts researchers to the pitfalls of traditional methodology and offers a firm foundation upon which they can build reliable, accurate projects able to produce sound results.

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    Contents

    Preface

    PART I. Perspectives on Research on the New Media


    1. Distinctions in the Study of New Media

    The New Media

    New Media -- Components and Combinations

    Telecommunications

    Computing

    New Service Applications

    Special Qualities of New Media

    Three Dimensions

    Some Distinctions of New Media Research

    The Research Challenge

    Summary

    2 Trends in the Study of New Media

    The Influence of Communication Media on Research

    The Media and Research Traditions

    The Sequence of Media

    Children and Media

    Communication Theories and Media

    The Direction of Communication Research

    Paths Not Taken

    Communication Policy Analysis

    Expanding the Study of Media Technologies

    Summary

    3. Choosing among Alternative Research Designs

    Conflicts Over Research Methods

    Conventional Approaches

    Mathematical Modeling

    Controlled Experiments

    Quasi-experiments

    Surveys

    Longitudinal Studies

    Field Studies

    Archival and Secondary Resarch

    Futures Research and Forecasting

    Content Analysis

    Case Studies

    Focus Groups

    Assumptions and Criticisms of Conventional and Positivist Approaches

    Alternative to Conventional Research Methods and Designs

    Sources and Rationales

    Interpretive Approach

    Contextualism

    Action Research

    Criteria for Choosing Among Designs and Methods

    A Triangulation Example in the Study of Word Processing

    Summary

    Notes

    PART II. Problems and Solutions for Research

    4. Validity, Reliability, and Sampling

    Requirements of Research Designs

    A Case Study of Teletext Research

    Elements of Research Design

    Validity

    Reliability

    Sampling

    Studying the New Media Over Time

    Need for a Temporal Perspective

    Choices in Over-time Research

    Problems in Studying New Media Over Time

    Summary

    Notes

    5. Adoption of New Media

    The Importance of Interactivity

    What Is the Diffusion Paradigm?

    The Critical Mass in the Adoption of Interactive Media

    Adoption of Computer-Mediated Communication Systems

    Implications of the Critical Mass Concept for Research Methods

    Forecasting the Diffusion of New Media

    An Emphasis on Prediction

    The Failure of Videodisc Players

    Centers of Forecasting Research

    How Accurate Are Forecasts?

    How Is the Rate of Adoption Forecast?

    Why Are Certain Forecasting Methods More Accurate?

    Can 2 Million French People Be Wrong?

    Summary

    6. Using Computer-Monitored Data

    Automating Data Collection

    Characteristics of Computer-Monitored Data

    Advantages for Validity and Reliability

    Comparing Computer-Monitored Data to Self-Report Data

    Research Uses of Computer-Monitored Data

    Monitoring and Initiating

    Types of Data and Research Design Elements

    An Example Showing a Combination of Uses

    Retesting the Erie County Study with Computer-Monitored Surveys

    Merging Computer-Monitored Data with Questionnaire Data

    Data Combinations

    Problems

    Merging the Data

    Results

    Summary

    7. Strategies for Studying Cases

    Why Do a Case Study?

    What Defines a Case Study?

    Microcomputers in the Schools: A Case Study Example

    Background and Problem

    Method

    Results

    General Steps for Designing a Case Study

    1. Specify the Need for a Case Study

    2. Define the Unit of Analysis

    3. Plan Data-Gathering and Analyses

    4. Carry Out the Research Plan

    Summary

    8. Implementing Formative Evaluation

    A "Developmental" Approach

    Characteristics of Formative Evaluation

    Background

    Evaluation as a Research Focus

    Formative as Against Summative Evaluation

    Practical Benefits

    Uses with New Media

    Steps in Formative Evaluation

    1. Define Objectives

    2. Select the Scope of the Research

    3. Select Data-Gathering Methods

    4. Analyze Results and Provide Feedback

    Formative Evaluation as Mass Communications Research

    Summary

    9. Evaluating Costs and Benefits

    Return on Investment

    Methods for Costs Analyses

    Types of Analyses

    Applications to New Media

    Major Steps in a Cost Analysis

    1. Define the Problem

    2. Select the Analysis Method

    3. Gather Data

    4. Conduct Analysis and Draw Conclusions

    Beyond Cost Analyses

    Summary

    10. Measuring Productivity

    Going Beyond Costs and Benefits

    Productivity as Efficiency Ratios

    Basic Production Ratios

    Ratios of Revenues Relative to Personnel or Technology

    Return-on-Investment Ratios

    Ratios Relative to Value Added

    More on the Value-Added Concept

    Examples of Productivity Analyses

    Basic Cost-Benefit Analysis

    Value Added

    Capital-Labor Trade-off

    New Media as Strategic Investment

    Selecting Options

    Gaining Competitive Advantage

    Summary

    PART III. New Considerations

    11. New Theoretical Approaches

    The Need for New Theory

    The Networks and New Media

    Network Paradigm, Data, Measures, and Methods

    Influence of Networks on Adoption of Computer Systems

    Interaction and Involvement

    The Nature of Interactivity

    Psychological Involvement and Interactive Videodiscs

    Social Involvement and Parasocial Interaction

    Summary

    12. Issues of Ethics and Ideology

    Human Costs and Benfits

    Research with Human Subjects

    Background

    The Belmont Report

    Institutional General Assurance

    Practical Notes

    Privacy as an Example of an Ethical Issue

    Making Private Information Public

    Personal PrivacyProtecting Privacy in Research

    Equity as an Example of an Ethical Issue

    Summary

    Appendix: On-line Data-base Services

    References

    Index

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