How Species Interact
Altering the Standard View on Trophic Ecology
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A termék adatai:
- Kiadó OUP USA
- Megjelenés dátuma 2012. május 31.
- ISBN 9780199913831
- Kötéstípus Keménykötés
- Terjedelem192 oldal
- Méret 155x236x15 mm
- Súly 408 g
- Nyelv angol 0
Kategóriák
Rövid leírás:
This book argues that the "null model" for describing consumer-resource interactions in ecology must be changed. Evidence is drawn from experiments, from observations and from mathematical models.
TöbbHosszú leírás:
Understanding the functioning of ecosystems requires the understanding of the interactions between consumer species and their resources. How do these interactions affect the variations of population abundances? How do population abundances determine the impact of predators on their prey? The view defended in this book is that the "null model" that most ecologists tend to use is inappropriate because it assumes that the amount of prey consumed by each predator is insensitive to the number of conspecifics. The authors argue that the amount of prey available per predator, rather than the absolute abundance of prey, is the basic determinant of the dynamics of predation. This so-called ratio dependence is shown to be a much more reasonable "null model."
Roger Arditi and Lev Ginzburg, who have already done much to broaden thinking about the functional response in ecology, present a tightly reasoned argument for the centrality of ratio dependence, by bringing together empirical evidence, mathematics, and the logic of emergent dynamics at time and spatial scales relevant to population change. Their book is essential reading for ecologists concerned with fundamental issues of population interaction.
Tartalomjegyzék:
Preface
1. Alternative theories of trophic interaction
1.1 Monod vs. Contois: resource-dependent and ratio-dependent bacteria
1.2 The standard predator-prey model of ecology
1.3 The Arditi-Ginzburg ratio-dependent model
1.4 Donor control and ratio dependence
1.5 Predator-dependent models
1.6 What happens at low consumer density? The gradual interference hypothesis
1.7 Biomass conversion
2. Direct measurements of the functional response
2.1 Insect predators and parasitoids, snails, fish, and others: laboratory measurements
2.1.1 Manipulating the consumer density alone
2.1.2 Measuring interference in the presence of a saturating functional response
2.1.3 The Arditi-AkÃ
akaya predator-dependent model
2.1.4 Application to literature data
2.1.5 Does interference increase gradually?
2.2 Wasps and chrysomelids: a field experiment
2.3 Wolves and moose: field observations
2.3.1 Wolf social structure and spatial scales
2.3.2 Model fitting and model selection methods
2.3.3 The wolf-moose functional response is ratio-dependent
2.4 Additional direct tests of ratio dependence
2.4.1 Bark beetles
2.4.2 Shrimps
2.4.3 Egg parasitoids
2.4.4 Benthic flatworms
2.5 Identifying the functional response in time series
3. Indirect evidence: food chain equilibria
3.1 Cascading responses to harvesting at the top of the food chain
3.2 Enrichment response when the number of trophic levels is fixed
3.3 Enrichment response when the number of trophic levels increases with enrichment
3.4 The paradox of enrichment
3.5 Donor control and stability of food webs
3.6 Why the world is green
4. How gradual interference and ratio dependence emerge
4.1 Experimental evidence of the role of predator clustering
4.1.1 A microcosm experiment with cladocerans
4.1.2 Predator aggregations lead to ratio dependence
4.2 Refuges and donor control
4.2.1 A simple exploratory theoretical model
4.2.2 From donor control to ratio dependence
4.3 The role of directed movements in the formation of population spatial structures
4.3.1 Self-organization due to accelerated movement
4.3.2 Spatially-structured predator-prey systems
4.3.3 Generalization
4.4 Ratio dependence and biological control
4.4.1 The biological control paradox
4.4.2 Trophotaxis and biological control
4.5 Emergence of gradual interference: an individual-based approach
4.5.1 A qualitative model based on predator home ranges
4.5.2 An individual-based model based on trophotaxis
5. The ratio dependence controversy
5.1 How interference estimates can be wrong
5.2 The paradox of enrichment and the cascading enrichment response: Is there any evidence that they exist?
5.3 The fallacy of instantism
5.4 Are population cycles really caused by predation?
5.5 Mechanistic vs. phenomenological theories
5.6 "The truth is always in the middle": How much truth is in this statement?
6. It must be beautiful
6.1 Scale invariance and symmetries
6.2 Kolmogorov's insight
6.3 AkÃ
akaya's ratio-dependent model for lynx-hare cycling
6.4 The "limit myth"
Appendices
3.A Food chain responses to increased primary production
3.A.1 Prey-dependent four-level food chain
3.A.2 Ratio-dependent three-level food chain
3.B Cascading response in the ratio-dependent model
6.A How a revised ecology textbook could look
References
