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As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to seep into more areas of society and culture, critical social perspectives on its technologies are more urgent than ever before. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from experienced scholars across disciplines, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of critical AI studies.

Moving beyond narrow technological definitions of AI, the Handbook provides readers with an in-depth understanding of its social, ethical and political implications. Chapters cover a broad range of timely issues related to AI, including the risk of bias and discrimination in its systems, its impact on democracy and governance, concerns surrounding privacy and surveillance, and the use of its technologies in decision-making processes. Underscoring the urgent need for deeper critical analyses of AI, the Handbook constitutes a major contribution to the ongoing discussion about what critical studies of AI can entail, what questions they may pose, and what concepts they can offer to address them.

Rich in theoretical and empirical analysis, this cutting-edge Handbook will prove an invaluable resource for students and scholars of digital sociology and science and technology studies. Its extensive coverage of this emerging field will also appeal to practitioners, developers and policymakers seeking orientation in the complex social and political dynamics of AI.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to seep into more areas of society and culture, critical social perspectives on its technologies are more urgent than ever before. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from experienced scholars across disciplines, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of critical AI studies.

This title contains one or more Open Access chapters.

?I highly and unreservedly recommend this excellent Handbook. It emerges as an indispensable text for those immersed in digital sociology, science and technology studies and blends rich theoretical insights with empirical analyses. It is a vital resource for anyone keen to critically explore the complex relationship between AI and society.?

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Contents:

1Introducing critical studies of artificial intelligence1
Simon Lindgren

PART I AI AND CRITICAL THEORY: CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSIONS
2Recursive power: AI governmentality and technofutures21
Fenwick McKelvey and Jonathan Roberge
3The danger of smart ideologies: counter-hegemonic intelligence and
antagonistic machines33
Peter Bloom
4The becoming of AI: a critical perspective on the contingent formation of AI43
Anna Jobin and Christian Katzenbach
5Artificial intelligence and the problem of radical uncertainty56
Robert Holton
6Trading human autonomy for technological automation67
Simona Chiodo
7Automation anxiety: a critical history ? the apparently odd recurrence of
debates about computation, AI and labour79
Caroline Bassett and Ben Roberts
8AI, critical knowledge and subjectivity94
Eran Fisher
9Habits and habitus in algorithmic culture108
Stefka Hristova
10Algorithms and emerging forms of intimacy117
Tanja Wiehn
11It?s incomprehensible: on machine learning and decoloniality128
Abeba Birhane and Zeerak Talat
12Pragmatism and AI: a critical approach141
Johnathan Flowers
13Digital humanism and AI152
Wolfgang Hofkirchner and Hans-Jörg Kreowski
14Beyond AI solutionism: toward a multi-disciplinary approach to artificial intelligence in society163
Simon Lindgren and Virginia Dignum
15Artificial intelligence and social memory: towards the cyborgian
remembrance of an advancing mnemo-technic173
Samuel Merrill
16Making sense of AI-influenced geopolitics using STS theories187
Arun Teja Polcumpally

PART II AI IMAGINARIES AND DISCOURSES
17Bothering the binaries: unruly AI futures of hauntings and hope at the limit199
Amanda Lagerkvist and Bo Reimer
18Imaginaries of artificial intelligence209
Vanessa Richter, Christian Katzenbach and Mike Schäfer
19Language of algorithms: agency, metaphors and deliberations in AI discourses224
Kaisla Kajava and Nitin Sawhney
20Technological failures, controversies and the myth of AI237
Andrea Ballatore and Simone Natale
21Marking the lines of artificial intelligence245
Mario Verdicchio
22The critical potential of science fiction254
Miroslav Kotásek
23A critical review of news framing of artificial intelligence266
Ching-Hua Chuan
24Media representations of artificial intelligence: surveying the field277
Saba Rebecca Brause, Jing Zeng, Mike S. Schäfer and Christian Katzenbach
25Educational imaginaries of AI289
Lina Rahm

PART III THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AI: DATAFICATION AND SURVEILLANCE
26Critical AI studies meets critical political economy302
Pieter Verdegem
27The industry of automating automation: the political economy of the
AI industry312
James Steinhoff
28AI, class societies and the social life of reason323
Scott Timcke
29Re-imagining democracy: AI?s challenge to political theory333
Guy Paltieli
30AI as automated inequality: statistics, surveillance and discrimination343
Mike Zajko
31Digital tracking and infrastructural power354
Stine Lomborg, Rasmus Helles and Signe Sophus Lai
32AI and the everyday political economy of global health367
Michael Strange and Jason Tucker
33Addressing global inequity in AI development378
Chinasa T. Okolo

PART IV AI TRANSPARENCY, ETHICS AND REGULATION
34A critical approach to AI ethics391
Rosalie A. Waelen
35Power and inequalities: lifting the veil of ignorance in AI ethics402
Anais Resseguier
36Barriers to regulating AI: critical observations from a fractured field413
Ashlin Lee, Will Orr, Walter G. Johnson, Jenna Imad Harb and Kathryn Henne
37Why artificial intelligence is not transparent: a critical analysis of its three
opacity layers424
Manuel Carabantes
38How to critique the GDPR: when data protection is turned against the
working class435
Carl Öhman
39Four facets of AI transparency445
Stefan Larsson, Kashyap Haresamudram, Charlotte Högberg, Yucong Lao, Axel Nyström, Kasia Söderlund and Fredrik Heintz
40An inclusive approach to ascribing responsibility in robot ethics456
Janina Loh
41Machines and morals: moral reasoning ability might indicate how close
AI is to attaining true equivalence with human intelligence470
Sukanto Bhattacharya
42A women?s rights perspective on safe artificial intelligence inside the
United Nations481
Eleonore Fournier-Tombs
43From ethics to politics: changing approaches to AI education493
Randy Connolly
44The transparency of reason: ethical issues of AI art504
Dejan Grba

PART V AI BIAS, NORMATIVITY AND DISCRIMINATION
45Learning about human behavior? The transcendental status of grammars
of action in the processing of HCI data516
Andreas Beinsteiner
46Algorithmic moderation: contexts, perceptions, and misconceptions528
Jo?o Gonçalves and Ina Weber
47Algorithmic exclusion538
Kendra Albert and Maggie Delano
48Prospective but disconnected partners: AI-informed criminal risk prediction549
Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Fernando Avila
49Power asymmetries, epistemic imbalances and barriers to knowledge: the (im)possibility of knowing algorithms563
Ana Pop Stefanija
50Gender, race and the invisible labor of artificial intelligence573
Laila Brown
51Machine learning normativity as performativity584
Tyler Reigeluth
52Queer eye on AI: binary systems versus fluid identities595
Karin Danielsson, Andrea Aler Tubella, Evelina Liliequist and Coppélie Cocq
53Representational silence and racial biases in commercial image recognition services in the context of religion607
Anton Berg and Katja Valaskivi
54Social media as classification systems: procedural normative choices in
user profiling619
Severin Engelmann and Orestis Papakyriakopoulos
55From hate speech recognition to happiness indexing: critical issues in
datafication of emotion in text mining631
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Juho Pääkkönen and Emily Öhman

PART VI POLITICS AND ACTIVISM IN AI
56Democratic friction in speech governance by AI643
Niva Elkin-Koren and Maayan Perel
57Automating empathy: overview, technologies, criticism656
Andrew McStay and Vian Bakir
58Ideational tensions in the Swedish automation debate: initial findings670
Kalle Eriksson
59En-countering AI as algorhythmic practice682
Shintaro Miyazaki
60Introducing political ecology of Creative-Ai691
Andre Holzapfel

PART VII AI AND AUTOMATION IN SOCIETY
61Automated decision-making in the public sector705
Vanja Carlsson, Malin Rönnblom and Andreas Öjehag-Pettersson
62The landscape of social bot research: a critical appraisal716
Harry Yaojun Yan and Kai-Cheng Yang
63Introducing robots and AI in human service organizations: what are the implications for employees and service users?726
Susanne Tafvelin, Jan Hjelte, Robyn Schimmer, Maria Forsgren, Vicenc Torra and Andreas Stenling
64Critically analyzing autonomous materialities737
Mikael Wiberg
65Exploring critical dichotomies of AI and the Rule of Law749
Markus Naarttijärvi
66The use of AI in domestic security practices763
Jens Hälterlein
67Methodological reflections on researching the sociotechnical imaginaries
of AI in policing773
Carrie B. Sanders and Janet Chan
68Emergence of artificial intelligence in health care: a critical review783
Annika M. Svensson and Fabrice Jotterand
69The politics of imaginary technologies: innovation ecosystems as political choreographies for promoting care robotics in health care793
Jaana Parviainen
70AI in education: landscape, vision and critical ethical challenges in the
21st century804
Daniel S. Schiff and Rinat Rosenberg-Kima
71Critically assessing AI/ML for cultural heritage: potentials and challenges815
Anna Foka, Lina Eklund, Anders Sundnes L?vlie and Gabriele Griffin
72AI ethnography826
Anne Dippel and Andreas Sudmann
73Automating social theory845
Ralph Schroeder
74Artificial intelligence and scientific problem choice at the nexus of industry
and academia859
Steve G. Hoffman
75Myths, techno solutionism and artificial intelligence: reclaiming AI
materiality and its massive environmental costs869
Benedetta Brevini
76AI governance and civil society: the need for critical engagement 878
Megan LePere-Schloop and Sandy Zook

Index891