Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity with Living Anthropology Student CD by Kottak, Conrad;

Hosszú leírás:

Written by Kottak, recent inductee to The National Academy of Sciences, this text continues to offer a holistic, four-field perspective introduction to anthropology. To emphasize anthropology's integrated and comparative nature, "Bringing It All Together" essays show how anthropology's sub-fields and dimensions combine to interpret and explain a common topic. Another distinctive feature, "Understanding Ourselves," illustrates the relevance of anthropological facts and theories to students' everyday lives.

Tartalomjegyzék:

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Author

Preface

Walkthrough

Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology

Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?

Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology

Part Two: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics

Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation

Chapter 6: The Primates

Chapter 7: Primate Evolution

Chapter 8: Early Hominins

Chapter 9: The Genus Homo

Chapter 10: The First Farmers

Chapter 11: The First Cities and States

Part Three: Cultural Diversity

Chapter 12: Methods in Cultural Anthropology

Chapter 13: Culture

Chapter 14: Ethnicity and Race

Chapter 15: Language and Communication

Chapter 16: Making a Living

Chapter 17: Political Systems

Chapter 18: Families, Kinship, and Descent

Chapter 19: Marriage

Chapter 20: Gender

Chapter 21: Religion

Chapter 22: The Arts

Part Four: The Changing World

Chapter 23: The Modern World System

Chapter 24: Colonialism and Development

Chapter 25: Cultural Exchange and Survival

Appendix 1: A History of Theories in Anthropology

Appendix 2: Ethics and Anthropology

Appendix 3: American Popular Culture

Bibliography

Glossary

Credits

Name Index

Subject Index

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Author

Preface

Walkthrough

Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology

Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?

Overview

Human Adaptability

Adaptation, Variation, and Change

General Anthropology

Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology

The Subdisciplines of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Archaeological Anthropology

Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock

Biological, or Physical Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Beyond the Classroom: The Unity of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

Anthropology and Other Academic Fields

Cultural Anthropology and Sociology

Anthropology and Psychology

Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology

What is Applied Anthropology?

Academic and Applied Anthropology

Theory and Practice

Anthropology and Education

Urban Anthropology

Urban versus Rural

Medical Anthropology

Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health

Anthropology and Business

Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees

Careers and Anthropology

Part Two: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

Overview

Ethics

Methods

Multidisciplinary Approaches

Primatology

Anthropometry

Bone Biology

Molecular Anthropology

Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate

Paleoanthropology

Survey and Excavation

Systematic Survey

Excavation

Kinds of Archaeology

Dating the Past

Relative Dating

Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques

Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology

Molecular Dating

Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics

Overview

Evolution

Genetics

Mendel's Experiments

Independent Assortment and Recombination

Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics

Cell Division

Crossing Over

Mutation

Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics

Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution

Natural Selection

Mutations and Variety

Random Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

The Modern Synthesis

Gradual or Rapid Change

Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation

Overview

Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology

Races are Not Biologically Distinct

Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement on "Race"

Explaining Skin Color

Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea

Human Biological Adaptation

Genes and Disease

Facial Features

Size and Body Build

Lactose Tolerance

Chapter 6: The Primates

Overview

Our Place among Primates

Homologies and Analogies

Primate Tendencies

Prosimians

Anthropoids

Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community

Monkeys

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys

Apes

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzees

Interesting Issues: Saving the Orangutan

Bonobos

Endangered Primates

Human-Primate Similarities

Learning

Tools

Predation and Hunting

Aggression and Resources

Human-Primate Differences

Sharing and Cooperation

Mating and Kinship

Behavioral Ecology and Fitness

Bringing it All Together: Saving the Forests

Chapter 7: Primate Evolution

Overview

Fossils and Chronology

Early Primates

Early Cenozoic Primates

Beyond the Classroom: A Behavioral Ecology Study of Two Lemur Species

Oligocene Anthropoids

Miocene Hominoids

Proconsul

Afropithecus and Kenyapithecus

Sivapithecus

Ginantopithecus

Dryopithecus

Oreopithecus

A Missing Link?

"Toumai"

Orrorin tugenensis

Beyond the Classroom: Maceration of a Canadian Lynx

Chapter 8: Early Hominids

Overview

Chronology of Hominid Evolution

The Earliest Hominids

Ardipithecus and KenyanThropus

The Varied Australopithecines

Australopiethecus afarensis

Gracile and Robust Australopithecines

The Australopithecines and Early Homo

H. rudolfensis and H. habilis

Oldowan Tools

A. garhi and Early Stone Tools

Beyond the Classroom: Hydrodynamic Sorting of Avian Skeletal Remains

Chapter 9: The Genus Homo

Early Homo

Interesting Issues: Headstrong Hominids

Out of Africa: Homo erectus

Paleolithic Tools

Adaptive Strategies of Homo erectus

The Evolution and Expansion of Homo erectus

Archaic Homo sapiens

The Neandertals

Cold-Apapted Neandertals

The Neandertals and Modern People

Homo sapiens sapiens (AMHs)

Out of Africa II

Multiregional Evolution

Advances in Technology

Glacial Retreat

Cave Art

Interesting Issues: Prehistoric Art Treasure Is Found in French Cave

The Mesolithic

Beyond the Classroom: Paleolithic Butchering at Verberie

Bringing it All Together: When Did Humans Start Acting Like Humans?

Chapter 10: The First Farmers

The Neolithic

The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East

Genetic Changes and Domestication

Food Production and the State

Other Old World Food Producers

The African Neolithic: Nabta Playa

The Neolithic in Europe and Asia

The First American Farmers

America's First Immigrants

The Foundations of Food Production

Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands

From Early Farming to the State

Explaining the Neolithic

Geography and the Spread of Food Production

Costs and Benefits

Beyond the Classroom: House Construction and Destruction Patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain

Chapter 11: The First Cities and States

The Origin of the State

Hydraulic Systems

Long-Distance Trade Routes

Population, War, and Circumscription

Attributes of States

State Formation in the Middle East

Urban Life

The Elite Level

Social Ranking and Chiefdoms

How Ethnography Helps in Interpreting the Archaeological Record

Advanced Chiefdoms

The Rise of the State

Beyond the Classroom: The Akhenaten Temple Project

Other Early States

State Formation in Mesoamerica

Early Chiefdoms and Elites

States in the Valley of Mexico

Why States Collapse

The Mayan Decline

Interesting Issues: Pseudo-Archaeology

Bringing It All Together: The Peopling of the Pacific

Part Three: Cultural Diversity

Chapter 12: Methods in Cultural Anthropology

Ethics

Methods--Ethnography

Ethnographic Techniques

Observation and Participant Observations

Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules

The Genealogical Method

Key Cultural Consultants

Life Histories

Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer's

The Evolution of Ethnography

Problem-Oriented Ethnography

Longitudinal Research

Team Research

Culture, Space, and Scale

Survey Research

Beyond the Classroom: Stories from the Women Domestics of the Yucatan

Chapter 13: Culture

What is Culture?

Culture Is Learned

Culture Is Shared

Culture Is Symbolic

Interesting Issues: Touching, Affection, Love, and Sex

Culture and Nature

Culture Is All-Encompassing

Culture Is Integrated

Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive

Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice

Levels of Culture

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights

Universality, Generality, a
nd Particularity

Universality

Generality

Particularity: Patterns of Culture

Beyond the Classroom: Folklore Reveals Ethos of Heating Plant Workers

Mechanisms of Cultural Change

Globalization

Chapter 14: Ethnicity and Race

Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity

Status Shifting

Race

Social Race

Beyond the Classroom: Perceptions of Race and Skin Color on an American College Campus

Hypodescent: Race in the United States

Race in the Census

Not Us: Race in Japan

Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil

Stratification and "Intelligence"

Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities

Nationalities and Imagined Communities

Peaceful Coexistence

Assimilation

The Plural Society

Interesting Issues: Ethnic Nationalism Runs Wild

Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity

Roots of Ethnic Conflict

Prejudice and Discrimination

Chips in the Mosaic

Aftermaths of Oppression

Chapter 15: Language and Communication

What Is Language?

Animal Communication

Call Systems

Sign Language

The Origin of Language

Nonverbal Communication

The Structure of Language

Speech Sounds

Language, Thought, and Culture

Interesting Issues: Do Midwesterners Have Accents?

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Focal Vocabulary

Meaning

Sociolinguistics

Linguistic Diversity

Gender Speech Contrasts

Language and Status Position

Stratification

Black English Vernacular (BEV), a.k.a. "Ebonics"

Historical Linguistics

Beyond the Classroom: Cybercommunication in Collegespace

Bringing It All Together: Canada: Unity and Diversity in Culture and Language

Chapter 16: Making a Living

Adaptive Strategies

Foraging

Beyond the Classroom: Integrating Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Analytic Subsistence Data: A Case Study from Patagonia, South America

Correlates of Foraging

Cultivation

Horticulture

Agriculture

The Cultivation Continuum

Intensification: People and the Environment

Pastoralism

Modes of Production

Production in Nonindustrial Societies

Means of Production

Alienation in Industrial Economies

Economizing and Maximization

Interesting Issues: Scarcity and the Betsileo

Alternative Ends

Distribution, Exchange

The Market Principle

Redistribution

Reciprocity

Coexistence of Exchange Principles

Potlatching

Chapter 17: Political Systems

What Is "the Political?"

Types and Trends

Bands and Tribes

Foraging Bands

Tribal Cultivators

The Village Head

The "Big Man"

Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades

Nomadic Politics

Beyond the Classroom: Perspectives on Group Membership

Chiefdoms

Political and Economic Systems in Chiefdoms

Social Status in Chiefdoms

Status Systems in Chiefdoms and States

States

Population Control

Judiciary

Enforcement

Fiscal Systems

Social Control: Politics, Shame, and Sorcery

Chapter 18: Families, Kinship, and Descent

Families

Nuclear and Extended Families

Industrialism and Family Organization

Changes in North American Kinship

The Family among Foragers

Descent

Descent Groups

Interesting Issues: Social Security, Kinship Style

Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules

Ambilineal Descent

Family versus Descent

Kinship Calculation

Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms

Kinship Terminology

Lineal Terminology

Bifurcate Merging Terminology

Generational Terminology

Bifurcate Collateral Terminology

Chapter 19: Marriage

Incest and Exogamy

Explaining the Taboo

Instinctive Horror

Biological Degeneration

Attempt and Contempt

Marry Out or Die Out

Endogamy

Caste

Beyond the Classroom: Human Mate Preference in Matrimonial Advertisements from Gujarat, India

Royal Incest

Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage

Marriage as Group Alliance

Bridewealth and Dowry

Interesting Issues: Love and Marriage

Durable Alliances

Divorce

Plural Marriages

Polygyny

Polyandry

Chapter 20: Gender

Sex and Gender

Recurrent Gender Patterns

Gender among Foragers

Gender among Horticulturalists

Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrilineal, Matrilocal Societies

Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrifocal Societies

Increased Gender Stratification---Patrilineal-Patrilocal Societies

Gender among Agriculturalists

Patriarchy and Violence

Gender and Industrialism

The Feminization of Poverty

Sexual Orientation

Interesting Issues: Hidden Women, Public Men---Public Women, Hidden Men

Bringing It All Together: The Basques

Chapter 21: Religion

What Is Religion?

Origins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion

Animism

Mana and Taboo

Magic and Religion

Anxiety, Control, Solace

Rituals

Rites of Passage

Totemism

Religion and Cultural Ecology

Sacred Cattle in India

Social Control

Beyond the Classroom: Ewe Traditional and Biomedical Healing Practices in Ghana's Volta Region

Kinds of Religion

Religion in States

Christian Values

World Religions

Religion and Change

Revitalization Movements

Syncretisms

Antimodernism and Fundamentalism

A New Age

Secular Rituals

Chapter 22: The Arts

What Is Art?

Art and Religion

Locating Art

Art and Individuality

The Work of Art

Art, Society, and Culture

The Cultural Transmission of the Arts

Interesting Issues: I'll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little R2

The Artistic Career

Beyond the Classroom: Capoeira: The Afro-Brazilian Art of Unity and Survival

Continuity and Change

Part Four: The Changing World

Chapter 23: The Modern World System

The Emergence of the World System

Industrialization

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Stratification

Industrial Stratification

Asian Factory Women

Open and Closed Class System

Beyond the Classroom: The Residue of Apartheid in Southern Africa

The World System Today

Interesting Issues: The American Periphery

Industrial Degradation

Chapter 24: Colonialism and Development

Colonialism

Imperialism

British Colonialism

French Colonialism

Colonialism and Identity

Postcolonial Studies

Development

Neoliberalism

The Second World

Communism

Postsocialist Transitions

Development Anthropology

The Greening of Java

Equity

Strategies for Innovation

Overinnovation

Underdifferentitation

Third World Models

Chapter 25: Cultural Exchange and Survival

Acculturation

Contact and Domination

Development and Environmentalism

Interesting Issues: Voices of the Rainforest

Religious Change

Resistance and Survival

Beyond the Classroom: Forging Activist Identities in the Kalaupapa Community of Leprosy Patients

Weapons of the Weak

Cultural Imperialism

Interesting Issues: Using Modern Technology to Preserve Linguistic and Cultural Diversity

Making and Remaking Culture

Popular Culture

Indigenizing Popular Culture

A World System of Images

A Transnational Culture of Consumption

People in Motion

The Continuance of Diversity

Bringing It All Together: The Biology and Culture of Overconsumption

Appendix 1: A History of Theories in Anthropology

Appendix 2: Ethics and Anthropology

Appendix 3: American Popular Culture

Bibliography

Glossary

Credits

Name Index

Subject Index

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