A New Form-Function Grammar of English by Smith, K. Aaron;

Rövid leírás:

Approaches the structure of English from a form-function perspective that is both theoretical and practical. The book asks learners to consider meaning, structure and use, in contrast to many grammars that focus on structure, sometimes to the exclusion of use and even meaning.

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Hosszú leírás:

This book approaches the structure of English from a form-function perspective that is both theoretical and practical. It asks learners to consider meaning, structure, and use, in contrast to many grammars that focus mainly on structure, sometimes to the exclusion of use and even meaning. The book presents an extended introduction to areas of grammar that many would see as indispensable, such as participial and infinitive phrases. The analysis is achieved largely through form-function tree diagramming and extends the basic structures to include finite and nonfinite predicates.

2: Don?t Start a Sentence with a Conjunction

Grammar Myth

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Tartalomjegyzék:

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1DOING GRAMMAR IN MODERN TIMES

• Linguistic Description: Slipping Standards?


• What Does Grammar Even Mean Now?


• The Monolith Fallacy


• A Note on the Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches for Future Teachers

2PARTS OF SPEECH: AN INTRODUCTION TO WORD CLASSES

• Parts of Speech
  
  
  
  • Lexical versus Grammatical Categories
  
  
  • Word Classes Treated in This Book
  
  
  • Word Classes and Productivity
  
  
  • Lexical Word Classes
    
    
    
    • Nouns
      
      
      
      • Grammatical Pattern of Nouns: Occurrence with the Definite Article
      
      
      • Grammatical Pattern of Nouns: Occurrence with the Plural Marker
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Verbs
    
    
    • Adjectives
      
      
      
      • Are Funner and Funnest Correct?
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Adverbs
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Grammatical Word Classes
    
    
    
    • Pronouns
    
    
    • Auxiliary Verbs
    
    
    • Determiners
    
    
    • Conjunctions
    
    
    • Prepositions
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

3UNITS OF GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS

• Word


• Phrase
  
  
  
  • Finite Verb
  
  
  
  


• Clause


• Sentence Types
  
  
  
  • Declarative Sentences
  
  
  • Yes/No Questions
  
  
  • Wh-Questions
  
  
  • Imperative Sentences
  
  
  • Tag Questions
  
  
  • Exclamative Sentences
  
  
  
  

4THE BASIC SENTENCE

• The Subject?Predicate Split


• Language Is Like an Onion


• Form versus Function
  
  
  
  • Form?Function Diagrams
  
  
  
  


• The Noun Phrase
  
  
  
  • Potential Parts of the Noun Phrase
    
    
    
    • Determiners
      
      
      
      • The Definite Article
      
      
      • The Indefinite Article
      
      
      • The Demonstrative
      
      
      • The Possessive Determiner
      
      
      • Diagramming Noun Phrases with Determiners
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Adjectives
    
    
    • Prepositional Phrases
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Review of Determiners within Noun Phrases
  
  
  
  

5NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

• Nouns
  
  
  
  • Proper Nouns and Common Nouns
  
  
  • Count and Non-Count Nouns
  
  
  • Collective Nouns
  
  
  • Pluralia Tantum and Similar Nouns
  
  
  • Irregular Plurals
    
    
    
    • Older English Plurals
    
    
    • Voicing Plurals
    
    
    • Foreign Plurals
      
      
      
      • Latin
      
      
      • Greek
      
      
      • Hebrew
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  
• Pronouns
  
  
  
  • Personal Pronouns
    
    
    
    • Subject Pronouns
    
    
    • Pronouns and Gender
    
    
    • Object Pronouns
    
    
    • Possessive Pronouns
    
    
    • Compound Pronouns and Case
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Demonstrative Pronouns
  
  
  • Indefinite Pronouns
  
  
  • Impersonal Pronouns and Gender
  
  
  • Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronouns
  
  
  • Quantifier Expressions
  
  
  • Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
  
  
  
  

6FUNCTIONS OF THE NOUN PHRASE

• Noun Phrase as Subject
  
  
  
  • Dummy Subjects and Cleft Sentences
  
  
  • Existential Constructions
  
  
  
  


• Noun Phrase as Direct Object
  
  
  
  • Transitivity
  
  
  
  


• Noun Phrase as Subject Complement


• Noun Phrase as Indirect Object


• Noun Phrase as Object Complement


• Diagramming Noun Phrases
  
  
  
  • Noun Phrase as Direct Object
  
  
  • Noun Phrase as Indirect Object
  
  
  • Noun Phrase as Subject Complement
  
  
  • Noun Phrase as Object Complement
  
  
  
  


• Appositives

7FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

• Adjuncts
  
  
  
  • The Core of the Clause
  
  
  • Attitudinal Adjuncts
  
  
  • Adverbial Adjuncts
  
  
  • Adverbial Complements
    
    
    
    • Adverbial Complements Following Copulative Verbs
    
    
    • Diagramming Adverbial Complements
    
    
    • Completion of the Trajectory of a Verb
    
    
    • Analyzing Sentences with Multiple Prepositional Phrases
    
    
    • Prepositional Verbs
    
    
    • Phrasal Verbs
      
      
      
      • Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
      
      
      • Transitive Phrasal Verbs
      
      
      • Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
      
      
      • Prepositional-Phrasal Verbs
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Adverbial Complements Following Adjectives
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

8THE INFLECTION PHRASE

• Tense versus Aspect


• Verb Forms
  
  
  
  • Notes on the Forms
  
  
  • Synopsis of the English Verb
    
    
    
    • Present Progressive
    
    
    • Present Perfect
    
    
    • Present-Perfect Progressive
    
    
    • Past Progressive
    
    
    • Past Perfect
    
    
    • Past-Perfect Progressive
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Diagramming Verbs
    
    
    
    • Be as the Only Verb in a Sentence
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

9OTHER VERB FORMS

• The Subjunctive Mood
  
  
  
  • The First Subjunctive
  
  
  • The Second Subjunctive
  
  
  
  


• Modal Verbs
  
  
  
  • Deontic Meaning
  
  
  • Ability
  
  
  • Epistemicity
  
  
  • Future Time
  
  
  • Quasi-Modals
  
  
  • Modal Verbs in Combination with the Progressive and Perfect Verb Forms
  
  
  • Diagramming Modals
  
  
  
  

10NEGATION

• Negation in the Predicate Phrase
  
  
  
  • Not
  
  
  • Near-Negatives
  
  
  
  


• Negation in the Noun Phrase
  
  
  
  • The Negative Determiner No
  
  
  • Negative Indefinite Pronouns
  
  
  • Any
  
  
  
  


• Two Negatives Make a Positive?

11ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

• Semantic Roles


• Passivization
  
  
  
  • When to Use the Passive
  
  
  • Passive Verb Forms
  
  
  • Stative versus Inchoative Passive
  
  
  • Diagramming Passive Sentences
  
  
  
  

12QUESTION FORMATION

• Types of Questions
  
  
  
  • Yes/No Questions
  
  
  • Wh-Questions
  
  
  
  


• Who/Whom


• Wh-Words as Objects of a Preposition: Pied-Piping versus Preposition Stranding


• Echo Questions


• Tag Questions


• Aren?t I or Am I Not?


• Tag Questions with There Is and There Are

13COORDINATION AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

• Coordinating Conjunctions
  
  
  
  • Lists and the Oxford Comma
  
  
  • Parallel Structure
  
  
  
  


• Correlative Conjunctions


• False Coordination


• Conjunctive Adverbs


• Subordination versus Coordination


• Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences


• Diagramming Coordinating Conjunctions

14ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

• Types of Adverbial Clauses
  
  
  
  • Clauses of Time
  
  
  • Clauses of Place
  
  
  • Clauses of Concession
  
  
  • Clauses of Adverseness
  
  
  • Clauses of Cause
  
  
  • Clauses of Result
  
  
  • Clauses of Purpose
  
  
  • Clauses of Similarity
  
  
  • Clauses of Commentary
  
  
  • Clauses of Condition
  
  
  
  


• The Structure of Complementizers


• The Second Subjunctive
  
  
  
  • Subjunctive Verb Forms in Other Adverbial Clauses
  
  
  • If I Were or If I Was?
  
  
  
  

15RELATIVE CLAUSES

• Restrictive versus Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
  
  
  
  • Restrictive Relative Clauses
    
    
    
    • Who and That as Subjects and Direct Objects
    
    
    • ?-Relative
    
    
    • Relative Pronouns as Object of the Preposition
    
    
    • Pied-Piping versus Preposition Stranding
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
  
  
  
  


• Relative Determiner Whose


• A Recap of Relative Pronoun Usage

16NOUN CLAUSES

• Type I Noun Clauses


• Type II Noun Clauses


• Type III Noun Clauses


• Reported Speech and Tense Shifting

17INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE PHRASES

• Infinitives
  
  
  
  • Forms of the Infinitive
  
  
  
  


• Forms of the Participle


• The Phrase?Clause Boundary


• Participle Phrases and Gerunds


• The Participle?Noun Continuum


• Complements and Adjuncts in Infinitive and Participle Phrases


• Compound Infinitives and Participles


• Infinitives and Participles in Modifying Functions


• Adverbial Function of Infinitives and Participles


• A Final Note on Form?Function Trees

18GRAMMAR MYTHS

• Grammar Myth
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