Short description:

This comprehensive resource skillfully consolidates Crystal Engineering, the design of organic solids, and Supramolecular Synthons (i.e. structural hydrogen bond units) to achieve desired Pharmaceutical Properties, including solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, permeability, particle size, tableting, hydration, and mechanical strength.

Long description:

This comprehensive resource skillfully consolidates crystal engineering, the design of organic solids, and supramolecular synthons (i.e., structural hydrogen bond units) to achieve desired pharmaceutical properties, including solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, permeability, particle size, tableting, hydration, and mechanical strength. Covering 30 years of crystal engineering developments and pharmaceutical applications, this book will be a single and complete resource for supramolecular and structural chemists, the crystal engineering community, pharmaceutical scientists, and industrial researchers.

Key Features

• Covers the fundamentals of crystal engineering and supramolecular synthons.


• Details the challenges of low solubility and low permeability facing oral drug formulations.


• Explains how heterosynthons provide a rational approach to address and implement solutions.


• Provides case studies from academic and industrial labs to walk the reader through the actual steps.


• Explores developments in the scale up and manufacture of crystal forms in pharmaceutical industry.

"A continuous flow of ideas, activities, and applications. The author, who has worked with supramolecular synthons?for close on three decades, tells the story admirably. This book, full of facts and figures, will be important for researchers in both academic and corporate worlds, for both novitiates and experts."

Gautam R. Desiraju, Indian Institute of Science, India

"Crystal Engineering is playing an increasingly important role in the development of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Being able to develop methods to prepare co-crystals and supramolecular complexes with desired properties is a key goal. This volume presents beginners in the field and researchers the information needed to work in this important area."

Allan S. Myerson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

"Ashwini Nangia?s book on fundamentals and advanced research aspects of an extremely active area of pharmaceutical science, namely that of the design, preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the properties of crystalline forms of active ingredients. Anyone interested in crystal engineering applied to pharmaceutical compounds should read this book."

Dario Braga, Universit? di Bologna and PolyCrystalLine, Italy

"The understanding and control of active ingredient solid form in pharmaceutical drug products has never been more important. This timely and useful book takes a holistic approach to crystal structure prediction and control and shows the importance of crystal engineering throughout the pharmaceutical product design and manufacturing process. The book ranges from the fundamental understanding of the organic solid state through modern strategies to screen and control crystal and particle properties and even includes very recent developments in the role generative AI can play in the pharmaceutical space. Nangia is one of the leaders in the development of solid form control strategies and this book is required reading for industry professionals, students, and researchers irrespective of their level of experience in pharmaceutical solids."

Jonathan W. Steed, Durham University, UK and Editor-in-Chief, Crystal Growth Design

"This book is an excellent primer to introduce students and professionals to the topic of cocrystals, with a nice historical overview, leading to design through supramolecular concepts, property optimization for performance, and scale up of cocrystal syntheses. I found the book to be a very readable compilation and the many excellent examples drive home the considerable progress that has been made in recent decades to translate supramolecular chemistry concepts to real world applications."

Susan M. Reutzel-Edens, Eli Lilly and SuRE Pharma Consulting, USA

"Prof. Nangia has produced an excellent text for both engaging the interest of and providing early direction to those interested in the emerging area of using crystal engineering to develop improved pharmaceuticals. There is enough meat to provide sound understanding of what has led to the current state-of-the-art and enough projection of how crystal engineering may revolutionize pharmaceuticals to pique interest and provide motivation to dig deeper. It is worth reading for those already working in the field, but I would heartily suggest the book to new investigators looking to make a big scientific impact."

Robin D. Rogers, University of Alabama, USA and Founding Editor-in-Chief, Crystal Growth Design

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Table of Contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction to Supramolecular Chemistry and Crystal Engineering

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Organic synthesis

1.3 Supramolecular chemistry

1.4 Crystal engineering

1.5 Hydrogen bonding

1.6 Space groups

1.7 Summary conclusions

1.8 References

1.9 Questions and thoughts

1.10 Additional reading

Chapter 2 Crystal Engineering, Supramolecular Synthons, and Cocrystal Design

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Supramolecular synthons

2.3 Crystal engineering of pharmaceutical cocrystals

2.3.1 Cocrystals

2.3.2 Pharmaceutical cocrystals

2.4 Cocrystal design approaches

2.4.1 Hydrogen bond synthons

2.4.2 ?pK_a rule

2.4.3 Computational methods

2.4.4 Molecular electrostatic potential surface energy

2.4.5 Hansen solubility parameter

2.5 Summary conclusions

2.6 References

2.7 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 3 Pharmaceutical Solid-State Forms

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Pharmaceutical multi-component crystals

3.2.1 Drug salts and pharmaceutical cocrystals

3.2.2 Pharmaceutical cocrystals via crystal engineering

3.2.3 Coamorphous solids

3.2.4 Solid solutions and eutectics

3.2.5 Ionic liquids

3.2.6 Ionic cocrystals

3.2.7 Nanocrystalline drugs

3.2.8 Supramolecular gels of drugs

3.2.9 Salt?cocrystal continuum or hybrid quasi-state of proton

3.2.10 Cocrystal polymorphs

3.2.11 Ternary and higher organic cocrystals

3.3 Summary conclusions

3.4 References

3.5 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 4 Design and Methodology of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Complementarity between API and coformer

4.3 Preparation methods of cocrystals

4.3.1 Spray drying

4.3.2 Freeze drying

4.3.3 Hot melt extrusion 

4.3.4 Rotary evaporator method

4.3.5 Vapor-assisted tumbling

4.4 Drug?drug cocrystals 

4.5 Drug?nutraceutical cocrystals

4.6 Ternary and higher order cocrystals

4.7 Cocrystals of different stoichiometry

4.8 Zwitterionic cocrystals

4.9 Halogen-bonded pharmaceutical cocrystals

4.10 Characterization methods of cocrystals

4.11 Summary conclusions

4.12 References

4.13 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 5 Applications of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bioavailability improvement

5.3 Hydration stability

5.4 Chemical degradation stability

5.5 Tableting 

5.6 Mechanical properties

5.7 Phase diagram and solubility measurements

5.8 Permeability and plasma concentration

5.9 Spring and Parachute model

5.10 Summary conclusions

5.11 References

5.12 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 6 Continuous Manufacturing of Cocrystals and Salts

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Batch and flow chemistry

6.3 Flow chemistry and pharmaceutical cocrystals manufacturing

6.4 Case studies of pharmaceutical cocrystals and salts 

6.5 Continuous process technologies

6.6 Flow guide for the synthetic chemist

6.7 Summary conclusions

6.8 References

6.9 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 7 Commercial Outlook of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Present status

7.3 Patenting and regulatory aspects

7.4 Entresto? drug-drug cocrystal salt

7.5 Seglentis? US-FDA approval

7.6 Summary conclusions

7.7 References

7.8 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 8 Controlling Polymorphism

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Definition and importance

8.3 Polymorphism and cocrystallization

8.4 Tailored additives to control crystal size and morphology

8.5 Summary conclusions

8.6 References

8.7 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 9 Supramolecular Heterosynthon in High Bioavailability Drugs

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Common heterosynthons in drugs

9.3 Heterosynthon model for high bioavailability drugs

9.4 Models for permeability enhancement

9.5 Cocrystal drugs beyond the Rule of 5

9.6 Improving cell penetration by atom replacement

9.7 Summary conclusions

9.9 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 10 Other Applications of Cocrystals

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Property engineering

10.3 Mechanochemistry

10.4 Energetic cocrystals

10.5 Summary conclusions

10.6 References

10.7 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 11 AI ML ChatGPT in Chemistry

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Retrosynthetic reaction prediction

11.3 Medicinal molecules

11.4 MOFs and inorganic materials

11.5 Cocrystals

11.6 Summary conclusions

11.7 References

11.8 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 12 3D Electron Diffraction

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Advantages of ED

12.3 Resurgence of ED

12.4 New pharmaceutical challenges solved by ED

12.5 Summary conclusions

12.6 References

12.7 Questions and thoughts

Chapter 13 Challenges, Conclusions, and Future Directions

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Carboxamide?pyridine-N-oxide heterosynthon

13.3 Browsing the literature

13.4 Challenges in pharmaceutical cocrystal technology

13.5 Conclusions

13.6 References

13.7 Suggested reading

Index