Economic History of Living Standards in Brazil by Franken, Daniel W.;

Short description:

Incorporating political, economic, and environmental factors, this book explores the evolution of health and living standards in Brazil from 1850 to 1950. It draws on anthropometric data and an interdisciplinary approach to illuminate the profound socio-economic transformations that unfolded in Brazil during this period.

Long description:

Incorporating political, economic, and environmental factors, this book explores the evolution of health and living standards in Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It draws on anthropometric data and an interdisciplinary approach to illuminate the profound socioeconomic transformations that unfolded in Brazil during this period.

Through an analysis of archival military and passport records, the book reveals an increase in heights starting in the 1880s, predating the Vargas Era’s economic growth and social reforms. It also offers novel insights into Brazil’s regional development divide, showing that regional height differentials existed as early as the mid-nineteenth century (before industrialization began in earnest). Innovative methods, such as surname sorting to study immigration and merging anthropometric data with historical weather records to study the link between climate and health, are introduced. Qualitative evidence on municipal-level clean water and sewage interventions, along with data on malaria and hookworm disease, further corroborate the observed longitudinal trends and spatial patterns in stature.

Scholars and students of historical anthropometrics, living standards, and Brazilian history will find this book essential, as will those with a broader interest in Latin American or economic history.

Anthropometric history is primarily the study of human height as an indicator of how well the human organism thrived during childhood and adolescence in its socioeconomic and epidemiological environment.The development of this field has opened up new vistas on the ways in which economic processes, such as the hidden costs of industrialization and urbanization in the 18th and 19th centuries, affected the populations experiencing them. Populations with a higher nutritional status could afford a diet with essential nutrients for physical growth and are less exposed to diseases; they are obviously going to be healthier and have taller children and generally enjoy a higher biological standard of living. It is increasingly recognized that GDP is an incomplete indicator of welfare and consequently, physical stature is a valuable addition to the toolkit of economic historians to understand the welfare of populations, and this is especially so in times and places where monetary indicators are lacking. With painstaking research, Daniel Franken shows how the biological standard of living improved in many regions of Brazil at the turn of the 20th century, a finding whicheluded researchers of the era until now. He also finds that the government’s efforts toimprove public sanitation increased the welfare of the rural inhabitants in the North and Northeast of the country, a major achievement at the time. Thus, Franken’s carefulcontribution increases considerably our knowledge of Brazilian as well as of anthropometric history. Kudos for doing such an extraordinary interdisciplinary study.

—John Komlos, Professor Emeritus, University of Munich

Daniel Franken has developed a new set of national and regional data to explore the history of health and welfare in Brazil from 1850 to 1950. He has created large historical samples of human stature data by region from military and passport records, which results in the most complete such study ever undertaken for Brazil. Along the way, he also provides the reader with a useful summary of the entire field of anthropometric history and its basic findings. Carefully controlling for the biases in these datasets, he is able to reconstruct the height and thus nutritional history of Brazilians by region. Hisfindings re-enforce the well-known regional disparities between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as the relationship between industrialization and height from the late 19th century. In its very careful handling of height, health, economic, and demographic data and explicit testing of various hypotheses with these new datasets, this is a model study. It will prove to be a major addition to the social and economic history of Brazil.

—Herbert S. Klein, Columbia University and Stanford University

Economic History of Living Standards in Brazil: Policy, Health, and Environment, 1850–1950 examines historical changes in the biological standard of living in a period of profound transformations in Brazil, the largest economy of South America. The author analyzes the evolution of health and nutrition of the population and its environment, and the impact of these factors on the evolution of human height. The trends in the stature of the Brazilian population shed light on the effectiveness of social and economic policies geared toward improving the population’s health and living standards. The book also points to the magnitude and nature of regional inequalities in human development over the past hundred years. This book fills an essential gap in the anthropometric history of Ibero-America and complements studies on the history of living standards that use traditional indicators. It will be a reference work for economic historians and development economists.

—Moramay López-Alonso, Rice University

Table of Contents:

Introduction Part I. Research Gap and Methods of Study 1. What do we Know about Health and Living Standards in Modern Brazil? 2. Measuring Health and Living Standards: Heights and their Determinants Part II. Anthropometric Data Series and Longitudinal Trends 3. The Sources 4. Temporal Height Trends of the AHEX and AN Series Part III. Potential Explanations of Trends and Patterns 5. Analysis and Discussion of Longitudinal Trends 6. The Environment, Policy, and Health Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Bibliography Index