Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials
Series: Oxford Medical Publications;
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Product details:
- Edition number 3
- Publisher OUP Oxford
- Date of Publication 22 February 2007
- ISBN 9780198529552
- Binding Paperback
- No. of pages584 pages
- Size 232x155x35 mm
- Weight 900 g
- Language English
- Illustrations 44 line illustrations, tables 0
Categories
Short description:
Critical appraisal is now accepted as central to the development of rational health care and evidence-based medicine, by applying it to questions of aetiology, clinical therapy, and health care management. The reader will learn how to assess the strengths and weaknesses of new studies, and how to conduct their own studies.
MoreLong description:
This book presents a logical system of critical appraisal, to allow readers to evaluate studies and to carry out their own studies more effectively. This system emphasizes the central importance of cause and effect relationships. Its great strength is that it is applicable to a wide range of issues, and both to intervention trials and observational studies.
This system unifies the often different approaches used in epidemiology, health services research, clinical trials, and evidence-based medicine, starting from a logical consideration of cause and effect. The author's approach to the issues of study design, selection of subjects, bias, confounding, and the place of statistical methods has been praised for its clarity and interest. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the applications of this logic to evidence-based medicine, knowledge-based
health care, and health practice and policy are discussed. Current and often controversial examples are used, including screening for prostate cancer, publication bias in psychiatry, public health issues in developing countries, and conflicts between observational studies and randomized trials.
Statistical issues are explained clearly without complex mathematics, and the most useful methods are summarized in the appendix.
The final chapters give six applications of the critical appraisal of major studies: randomized trials of medical treatment and prevention, a prospective and a retrospective cohort study, a small matched case-control study, and a large case-control study. In these chapters, sections of the original papers are reproduced and the original studies placed in context by a summary of current developments.
The premise of the book is laudable in that critical thinking and evaluations of peer-reviewed literature is imperative in the training of public health and clinical researchers. In general, the book lays a foundation, establishes the issues of bias and bias control, and provides a framework for evaluation with examples.
Table of Contents:
The importance of causal relationships in medicine and health care
Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation
The results obtained from studies of causation
Selection of subjects for study
Error and bias in observations
Confounding
Chance variation
Combining results from several studies: systematic review and meta-analysis
The diagnosis of causation
Critical appraisal in action - introduction to Chapters 10 to 15
Critical appraisal of a randomized clinical trial
Critical appraisal of a randomized trial of a preventive agent
Critical appraisal of a prospective cohort study
Critical appraisal of a retrospective cohort study
Critical appraisal of a matched case-control study
Critical appraisal of a large, population based, case-control study
Answers to self test questions
Appendix: Methods of statistical analysis: formulae and worked examples
