The Ureter

1.     

1. Introduction.
2. Embryology and congenital anomalies. (Osama Sarhan; Mohamed Bakey):
3. Ureteral duplication.
4. Ureteral triplication.
5. Ectopic ureter.
6. Pelviureteral junction obstruction (PUJO).
7. Ureteral atresia.
8. Ureteral diverticulum and pseudodiverticulum.
9. Retrocaval ureter.
10. Ureterocele.
11. Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR).
12. Megaureter.

Anatomy: (Mahmoud Abdel-Gawad; Saeed Ben Hamri)

1. Gross anatomy of the ureter.
2. Surgical anatomy of the ureter.
3. Histology and microscopic anatomy of the ureter.
4. Endoscopic anatomy of the ureter.
5. Laparoscopic anatomy of the ureter.

Physiology and pharmacology of the ureter. (Kymora Scotland; Ben Chew and Dirk Lange)

Relevant physiology of the ureter.
1. Receptors in the ureter.
2. Blockers and drugs acting on the ureter.
Ureteral dilatation.
3. Ureteral response to stenting.

Radiology and imaging of the ureter. (Tarek Eldiasty; Hashem Farag)

Plain x-ray (KUB).

Intravenous urography (IVU).

Ultrasound (US) and endoluminal ultrasound.

Computerized tomography scan (CT & CTU); 3D CT.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI & MRU).

Retrograde ureteropyelography.

Antegarde ureteropyelography.

Functional studies and nuclear medicine.

Differential diagnosis of filling defects in the ureter

Inflammatory diseases of the ureter: (Ash Tewri; Zach Dovey. Flora, Adriana):

1. Ureteritis:

                                                              i.      Eosinophilic ureteritis.

                                                            ii.      Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis.

                                                          iii.      Ureteritis cystic.

1. Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF):
2. Amyloidosis.
3. Endometriosis.
4. Radiation ureteritis.
5. Malacoplakia.
1. Ureter and Bilharziasis (Ahmed Harraz; Bedeir Ali-El-Dein)

a.       Pathogenesis.

b.      Diagnosis.

c.       Treatment.

1. Ureter and Tuberculosis (TB): (Samir Sally):

a.       Pathogenesis.

b.      Diagnosis.

c.       Treatment.

Trauma of the ureter (Ravindra Sabnis et al):

1. External trauma and deceleration.
2. Internal and endoscopic trauma.
3. Ureter and gynecological and obstetrical procedures.

Ureteric strictures: etiology and diagnosis (Bedeir Ali-El-Dein):

a.       Etiology.

b.      Diagnosis.

1. Ureteric strictures: treatment: (Bedeir Ali-El-Dein):
1. Short segment strictures:

                                                              i.      Endoscopic techniques (upper, mid, and lower ureter).

                                                            ii.      Non-refluxing ureterovesical re-anastomosis.

                                                          iii.      Direct ureterovesical anastomosis.

                                                          iv.      Boari flap (refluxing and non-refluxing)

                                                            v.      Ureteroureterostomy UU (resection re-anastomosis of the ureter)

                                                          vi.      Pyeloplasty (dismembered and non-dismembered)

1. Long segment or multiple strictures:

                                                              i.      Uncommon repair techniques.

                                                            ii.      Ileal ureter and its modifications.

                                                          iii.      Transureteroureterostomy (TUU)

                                                          iv.      Renal auto-transplantation

1. Artificial ureter and tissue engineering

 

Ureterocele (Mohamed Baky):

1. Embryology.
2. Clinical presentation.
3. Classification.
4. Diagnosis.
5. Treatment.

 

1. Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) (Ziad El-Naqshabandi; Fahad Alyami):
1. Etiology.
2. Clinical presentation.
3. Diagnosis.
4. Treatment.

14.  Pelviureteral junction obstruction (PUJO)

a. Diagnosis.

b. Endoscopic treatment.

c. Open treatment.

d. Diagnosis and treatment of PUJO.

15.  Tumors of the ureter (Arnolf Stenzl; Stefan Aufderklamm)

1. Benign tumors:

-Fibroepithelial polyp

-Leiomyoma

-Cavernous hemangioma

b. Primary malignant tumors.

c. Metastasis and periureteral metastasis.

d. Treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)

-Nephroureterectomy

-Kidney sparing approaches

-Systemic treatment:

-Chemotherapy.

-Immunotherapy.

-Perioperative therapy.

1. Fetal and prenatal ureter (Ahmed Abdelhalim; Ashraf T Hafez):

a.       Pathology.

b.      Diagnosis.

c.       Treatment.

 

1. Ureteral pain (Kamal Sarica)
1. Uretral colic:

- Incidence

- Pathophysiology

- Location

- Diagnosis

- Treatment

1. Non-colicky pain

Ureteral stones (Marshall Stoller, Fadl Hamouche)

1. Incidence
2. Pathophysiology
3. Locations
4. Associated pathology

Management of ureteral stones (Kamal Sarica)

1. Medical expulsive therapy
2. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
3. Ureteroscopic removal of the stones: Retrograde; antegrade; semirigid; flexible maneuvers.
4. Laparoscopic and robotic ureterolithotomy
5. Open ureterolithotomy

Ureteroscopy and related instruments (Saeed Ben Hamri)

1. Ureteroscopy

                                                              i.      Types

                                                            ii.      Sizes

                                                          iii.      Accessory sheath

                                                          iv.      Energy sources

1. Ureteral stents:

                                                              i.      Indications

                                                            ii.      Types

                                                          iii.      Complications

Ureter and urinary diversion (Bedeir Ali-El-Dein)

1. Incontinent urinary diversion
2. Continent urinary diversion

                                                              i.      Continent cutaneous diversion

                                                            ii.      Orthotopic urinary diversion

                                                          iii.      Rectal urinary diversion

Ureter and renal transplantation (John Barry; Bedeir Ali-El-Dein)

1. Methods of implantation of the transplant ureter
Urological complications after renal transplantation

                                                              i.      Urinary leakage and fistula

                                                            ii.      Ureteric strictures and obstruction

                                                          iii.      Obstructive lymphocele

                                                          iv.      Ureteric stones after renal transplantation

Ureteral disorders during pregnancy (Mahmoud Abdel-Gawad)

1. Dilation.
2. Stones.
3. Ureteroscopy.
4. Other urologic interventions during pregnancy.

Radiological signs and syndromes of the ureter (Hytham Shebl; Doaa Elsayed):

1. Comet sign.
2. Bergman sign.
3. Bordeaux glass sign.
4. Curlicue ureter.
5. Goblet sign.
6. Vespignari sign.
7. Nutcracker syndrome.
8. Weiger-Meyer law.
9. Inverted J sign.
10. Bullet and Bodkin sign.
11. Cobra head sign.
12. Maiden-Waist deformity sign.

Ureteral fistulae (Yasser Osman; Mohamed Elawady):

1. Ureteroperitoneal.
2. Ureterovaginal.
3. Ureterocolic.
4. Ureterotubal.
5. Ureterouterine.
6. Ureterocutanoeus.
7. Ureteropancreatic.
8. Ureterointestinal.
9. Ureter-iliac vessel fistula.
10. Ureteroaortic.