“Biennials are a definitive—some say, the definitive—exhibitionary form for contemporary art. This is a forensic study of three of the biennials that moved beyond the modern model of art battles between nations, staged at Venice since 1895, into contemporary modes. They laid key markers for the subsequent biennial ‘boom.’ Paloma Checa-Gismero combines archival research, personal experience, a wide-ranging knowledge of critical theory, along with an invigorating intolerance of cliché, to show the collisions between aspiration and reality in play at these times and places. She tracks how artists, critics, curators, and viewers from local communities responded to the ‘aesthetic conversions’ of social forces that these biennials enabled, paving the way for the multi-facetted phenomenon known as ‘global contemporary art.’”