Rövid leírás:

This book will explore some key opportunities in the context of animal health, such as the detection of new microorganisms and development of improved diagnosis of emerging or re-emerging diseases and other clinical conditions viz. biosensors, nanotools and omics technologies.

Hosszú leírás:

Advances in Animal Disease Diagnosis: Infectious animal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses threaten the health and well-being of wildlife, livestock and human populations, limit productivity and significantly increase economic losses to each sector. Pathogen de-tection is an important step for the diagnosis and successful treatment of animal diseases as well as control management in farm and field conditions. The conventional techniques employed to diagnose pathogens in livestock species are time-consuming and sometimes give inconclusive results. On the contrary, molecular techniques have the potential to diag-nose known pathogens/conditions quickly, reliably, and unequivocally as well as for novel pathogen detection. New advances in diagnostics and vaccine design using genomics have developed powerful new methods that have also set the stage for the enhanced diagnosis, surveillance, and control of infectious diseases. High-throughput sequencing (HTS), for ex-ample, uses the latest DNA sequencing platforms in the detection, identification, and detailed analysis of both pathogen and host genomes.

This book will explore some key opportunities in the context of animal health, such as the detection of new microorganisms and the development of improved diagnosis of emerging or re-emerging diseases and other clinical conditions, viz. biosensors, nanotools, and omics technologies.

Features

? Details comprehensive knowledge on the latest molecular techniques for animal disease diagnosis and management
? Examines how DNA-based diagnostic techniques will assist international efforts to control the introduction of exotic diseases into new geographic areas
? Describes the latest molecular assays for the rapid and accurate detection of pathogens
? Helps in working towards meeting the global challenge for sustainable food production and the eradication of poverty
? With new biotechnological developments, this fully updated book is a treasure trove of the latest information in animal and  medical science

"In this multi-authored text, contributing experts offer a broad overview of the most modern technologies?primarily molecular in scale but including an array of innovative microscopic and scanning techniques?for the detection and identification of infectious-disease organisms. In considering these novel diagnostic methods, authors generally emphasize overall utility and performance characteristics, notably sensitivity/specificity, accuracy/precision, rapidity, affordability, and ease of use. They also consider the direction of future efforts with respect to selected animal diseases. As shown in these pages, widespread application of modern technology has greatly changed the nature of animal disease diagnosis. This volume will be of considerable value to virologists, bacteriologists, molecular biologists, and others working in diagnostic facilities."

? D. A. Brass, independent scholar, Choice December 2022

Tartalomjegyzék:

Biosensor: an advanced system for infectious disease diagnosis

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Principle of biosensors

1.3 Composition of biosensors

1.3.1. Enzymes

1.3.2 Microbes

1.3.3 Cells and Tissues

1.3.4 Organelles

1.3.5 Antibodies

1.3.6 Nucleic Acids

1.3.7 Aptamers

1.4 Classification of biosensors

1.4.1. Electrochemical Transducers

1.4.1.1 Potentiometric transducers.

1.4.1.2 Voltammetric transducers

1.4.1.3 Conductometric transducers

1.4.1.4 Impedimetric transducers

1.4.2 Thermometric Transducers

1.4.3 Optical Transducers

1.4.4 Piezoelectric Devices

1.4.5Others biosensors

1.4.5.1 Enzymatic Sensors

1.4.5.1.1 Substrate biosensors

1.4.5.1.2 Inhibitor biosensors

1.4.5.2 Immunosensors

1.4.5.3 DNA Sensors

1.4.5.4 Microbial Biosensors

1.5 Biosensors in diagnosis of infectious diseases

1.5.1 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

1.5.2 Ebola Virus Disease

1.5.3 Zika virus disease

1.5.4 Influenza

1.5.5 Hepatitis

1.5.6 Dengue

1.5.7 Salmonellosis

1.5.8 Shigellosis

1.5.9 Tuberculosis

1.5.10 Food borne diseases caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus

1.5.11 Listerosis

1.5.12 Leismaniasis

1.6 Future perspective

1.7 Conclusion

Viral Pseudotyping: A novel tool to study emerging and transboundary viruses

Advanced Sensors for Animal Disease Diagnosis

3.1 Introduction to animal diseases

3.2 Common animal diseases

3.3 Sensors as new generation diagnostic platforms for animal disease diagnosis

3.3.1 Bovine

3.3.2 Canine

3.3.3 Equine

3.3.4 Swine

3.3.5 Avian

3.3.6 Fish

3.4 Bacteriophage based sensors for detection of bacterial pathogens

3.5 Conclusion

Applications of metagenomics and viral genomics to investigating diseases of livestock

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Obtaining metagenomic next generating sequencing data for viruses

4.2.1 Sample collection

4.2.2 Sample preparation and viral enrichment

4.2.3 Library preparation and sequencing

4.3 Bioinformatic analysis of NGS sequence data

 4.3.1. Step 1: Quality assessment of the data produced

 4.3.2. Step 2: Assembly of reads (fragments)

 4.3.3. Step 3: Taxonomic classification

 4.4 Metagenomics and viral genomics can identify new viruses and foster understanding of emerging viruses

4.5 Viral genomics and phylogenetics can identify disease transmission chains

4.6 Viral genomics in monitoring vaccine matching

Toll- like receptor of livestock species

5.1 Toll-like receptors

5.1.1 Structure of TLRs

5.1.2. TLRs ligands

5.1.3. Localization of TLR

5.2 Localization of TLRs on mammalian chromosomes

5.2.1. TLR signaling pathways

5.3 Sequence characterization of livestock TLRs

5.3.1. Polymorphism in TLRs of livestock species

5.4  Phylogenetic analysis of buffalo TLR genes

5.5. Role of TLRs in immune responses

5.6 TLRs as therapeutic agents

COVID-19: An emerging pandemic to mankind

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Virology

6.2.1 Taxonomy

6.2.2Virion structure

6.2.3 Genome characteristics

6.2.4 Recent genome wide studies

6.2.5 Specificity of Spike protein

6.3 Origin and evolution

6.4 Pathogenesis

6.4.1 Virus Entry

 6.4.2 Pathological Findings

6.4.3 Immunopathology

6.5 Epidemiology

6.5.1 Route of transmission

6.5.2 Transmissibility

6.5.3 Viral shedding

6.5.4 Environment viability

6.5.5 Clinical manifestation

6.6 Diagnosis

6.6.1 Molecular diagnosis

6.6.1.1 Real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-qPCR)

6.6.1.2 SHERLOCK techniques

6.6.2 Classical diagnosis

6.6.3 Physical examination

 6.6.4 Virus isolation

 6.6.5 Serologic diagnosis

6.7 Treatment

6.8 Status of vaccine

6.9 Prevention

6.10 Conclusions

Application of Proteomics and Metabolomics in disease Diagnosis

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basic strategies and platforms of proteomics and metabolomics 

7.2.1 Biological Specimens for proteomics and metabolomics 

7.2.2 Proteomics workflow

7.2.3 Quantitative proteomics

7.2.4 Proteomics analytical platforms

7.2.5 Metabolomics workflow

7.2.6 Metabolomics analytical platform(s)

7.3 Proteomics in animal disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery

7.3.1 Proteomics biomarkers in infectious disease of farm animals

7.3.2 Proteomics biomarkers in non-infectious disease of farm animals

7.3.3 Proteomics in parasitic disease of animals

7.4 Proteomics in companion animal disease biomarker discovery

7.5 Metabolomics in animal disease diagnosis

7.5.1 Metabolomics in canine diseases

7.5.2 Metabolomics in farm animal disease diagnosis

7.6 Proteomics and metabolomics in human disease diagnosis

 7.7 Conclusion

Imaging techniques in Veterinary Disease diagnosis

8.1 Introduction

 8.2 Microscopy

Optical microscopy

8.2.2 Dark field microscopy

8.2.3 Phase contrast microscopy

8.2.4 Polarized light microscopy

8.2.5 Fluorescence microscopy

Confocal Microscopy

8.2.5.2 Two-Photon Microscopy

Electron microscopy (EM)

8.6.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

8.6.2    Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)

Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (cryoEM)

8.7  Scanning Probe Microscopy

8.8 X-ray microscopy

8.9 Raman microscopy

8.10 Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (MRM)

8.11 Super-resolution microscopy

8.3 Ultrasonography/diagnostic sonography:

8.4 Digital stethoscope

8.5 Endoscopy

8.6 Thermal imaging

8.7 Radiographic Imaging

Contrast Media

 Recent advancements in Radiographic Imaging

8.8 Computed Tomography (CT)

8.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

8.10 Radiopharmaceuticals and Nuclear Imaging

8.11 Nuclear Scintigraphy or Gamma Scan

8.12 Positron-emission tomography (PET)

8.13 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

8.14 Electrical Impedance Tomography

8.15 Nanoparticles in  diagnostic imaging

8.16 Future Prospect and Conclusion

Listeriosis in Animals: Prevalence and Detection

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Epidemiology, Transmission and Spread

9.3 Organism Characteristics and Classification

9.4 Life cycle

9.4.1 L. monocytogenes virulence factors

9.4.2 Factors for Adhesion

9.4.3 Factors for Host Invasion

9.4.4 Factors for escape From Phagocytic Vacuole

9.4.5 Factors for Intracellular Survival and Multiplication

9.4.6 Factors for Intracellular Motility and Intercellular Spread

9.5 Clinical Manifestations

9.6 Disease Diagnosis

9.7 Pathogen Identification of Cultural Isolates

9.7.1 Enzyme Based Assays

9.7.2 Immunological Assays

9.7.3 Nucleic Acid Based Molecular Assays

9.7.4 Epidemiological Testing

9.7.4.1 Phenotypic typing methods

9.7.4.2 Molecular Typing Methods

Pyroptosis Prevalence in Animal Diseases and Diagnosis

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Characteristic features of Pyroptosis

10.3 Molecular Mechanism of Pyroptosis

10.3.1 Canonical Inflammasome Pathway

10.3.2 Non- Canonical Inflammasome pathway

10.4 Pyroptosis Prevalence in Animal Diseases

10.4.1 Neuro-inflammation and cognitive impairment in aged rodents

10.4.2 Osteomyelitis

10.4.3 Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID)

10.4.4 Sepsis

10.4.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

10.4.6  Brucellosis

10.4.7 Oxidative Stress in animals

10.4.8 Viral Diseases in Animals

10.5 Pyroptosis markers in Disease Diagnosis

10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects In Diagnosis

Current diagnostic techniques for Influenza

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Influenza Diagnosis

 11.2.1 Cell Culture Approaches

11.2.1.1 Virus Culture

11.2.1.2 Virus Shell Culture

11.2.2Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test

11.2.3 Serological Assays

11.2.3.1 Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay

11.2.3.2 Virus Neutralization Assay

11.2.3.3 Single Radial Hemolysis

11.2.3.4 Complement Fixation

11.2.4 Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)

11.2.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Tests (NATs)

11.2.5.1 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

11.2.5.2 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification-Based Assay (LAMP)

11.2.5.3 Simple Amplification-Based Assay

11.2.5.4 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification

11.2.6 Microarray-Based Approaches

11.2.7Modifications of Standard Methods

11.3 Conclusion

Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Foot-and- Mouth Disease Virus

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Etiology

12.3 Diagnostic techniques

12.3.1 Virus isolation assay

12.3.2 Serology-based assays

12.3.2.1 Complement fixation test

12.3.2.2 Virus neutralization test

12.3.2.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

12.3.2.4 Virus infection associated gel immuno-diffusion test

12.3.3 Nucleic acid-based assays

12.3.3.1 Reverse transcriptase PCR

12.3.3.2 Real-time RT-PCR

12.3.3.3 Multiplex-PCR

12.3.3.4 Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification

12.3.4 Novel and high-throughput assays

12.3.4.1 Microarray

12.3.4.2 Pen-side assay

12.4 Prevention and treatment

12.4.1 Attenuated vaccines

12.4.2 Inactivated vaccines

Synthetic biology-based diagnostics for infectious animal diseases

13.1 Introduction

13.2 In vitro diagnostics

13.2.1 Phage-Based Diagnostics

13.2.2 Synthetic peptides-based diagnostics

13.2.3 Synthetic peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based diagnostics

13.2.4 Aptamers-based diagnostics

13.2.5 CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors

13.2.5.1 Diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas9

13.2.5.2 CRISPR-Cas12- and CRISPR-Cas13-based diagnostics

13.2.6 Synthetic RNA-based biosensors coupled with synthetic gene networks

13.3 In vivo diagnostics

13.4 Conclusions and Future perspectives

Recent Trends in Diagnosis of Campylobacter Infection

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Morphological characters of theCampylobacter

14.3 PathogenesisofCampylobacter

14.4 Diagnosis of Campylobacter infection (Campylobacteriosis)

14.4.1 Conventional methods for detection of pathogen

14.4.1.1 Direct demonstration of pathogen

14.4.1.2 Culture and identification

14.4.1.3 Selective media for Campylobacter isolation

14.4.2 Confirmation of Campylobacter

14.4.2.1 Colony characteristics

14.4.2.2 Enzyme immune assay

14.4.3 Molecular tools and techniques for Campylobacter diagnosis

14.4.3.1 Phenotypic methods

14.4.3.1.1 Bio-typing

14.4.3.1.2 Phage-typing

14.4.3.2 Genotyping methods

14.4.3.2.1 Macro-restriction-mediated-analyses

14.4.3.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based assays

14.4.3.2.3 Ribotyping

14.4.3.2.4 Fla-typing

14.4.4 Metagenomics as a diagnostic tool

14.4.4.1 Structural metagenomics

14.4.4.2 Functional metagenomic

14.5 Conclusion & Future perspectives

Recent trends in Bovine tuberculosis detection and control methods

15.1 Introduction

15.1.1. Bovine TB ? The causative organism and the disease

15.1.2. Host genetics

15.1.3. Surveillance Strategies,Prevention and Control Methods.

15.2  Some basics of performance characteristics of Diagnostic tests

15.2.1 Purpose of diagnostic tests

15.2.2 Attributes of an Ideal diagnostic test

15.3 Detection methods and strategies

15.3.1 Direct Detection of the Pathogen

15.3.1.1 Post-mortem examination

15.3.1.2 Direct microscopic detection

15.3.1.3 Bacteriological culture

15.3.1.4 Nucleic Acid detection based molecular assays

15.3.2. Detection of the cell-mediated immunity in host.

15.3.2.1 Tuberculin DTH skin test

15.3.2.2. Gamma-interferon assay

15.3.2.3. Lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA)

15.3.2.4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay

15.3.3. Detection of the host antibody response to infection

15.3.3. 1. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

15.3.3.2.Multi Antigen Print Immunoassay (MAPIA)

15.3.3.3. Dual Path Platform (DPP) assay

15.3.3.4. Fluorescent Polarisation Assay

15.3.3.4.The SeraLyte-Mbv (PriTestInc) assay

15.4 Futuristic Approaches 

15.4.1. Detection of the host enzyme  Adenosine deaminase enzyme(ADA)

15.4.2. Detection of humoral response based on IgA (with or without IgG)

15.4.3 Use of Recombinant molecule as markers

15.4.4 High throughput technological advances for detection of conventional targets

15.4.5 Combinatorial Approaches

15.5 Conclusion

Livestock Enteric Viruses: Latest Diagnostic Techniques for Their Easy and Rapid Identification

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Latest diagnostic techniques for identification of major enteric viruses affecting livestock

16.2.1 Bovine corona viruses (BoCV)

16.2.2  Bovine enterovirus (BEV)

16.2.3 Rotaviruses

16.2.4  Astroviruses

16.2.5  Caliciviruses

16.2.6  Picobirnaviruses

16.3 Conclusion

Coronaviruses: Recent trends and approaches in diagnosis and management

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Virus, Virology, and Pathogenesis

17.3 Global Epidemiology

17.4 Virus Diagnosis

17.4.1 Virus Isolation

17.4.2 Electron Microscopy

17.4.3 Serology

17.4.4 Molecular diagnosis

17.5 Management of Coronaviruses

17.5.1 Ribavirin

17.5.2 Other antiviral Drug

17.5.3 Monoclonal antibody therapy

17.5.4 Interferon

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA): A New Approach for Disease Diagnosis

18.1 Introduction to Recombinase Polymerase Amplification

18.2 Methodology and different parameters controlling RPA

18.2.1  Primer and Probe design 

18.2.2 Temperature

18.3.3 Effect of crowding agent and mixing

18.3.4 Incubation time

18.3.5 Type of samples

18.3 RPA reaction conditions

18.3.1 Multiplexing in RPA

18.4 Major applications of RPA technique

18.4.1 Multiple target detection

18.4.2 Seed testing and other agricultural assays

18.4.3 On-site microbial testing

18.4.4 Disease detection in animals

18.4.5 Medical diagnostics

18.5 Comparison with other isothermal technique

18.6 Advantages over real time PCR

18.7 Conclusion

Global Rules, Regulations and Intellectual Property Rights on diagnostic methods

19.1 Introduction

19.1.1. Patenting

19.1.2.Rationalization of patenting

19.1.3.Patenting of Diagnostic methods

19.1.4 What is a patent?

19.2 Patent laws in India

19.3 Patent Laws in USA

19.4  Patent laws in Europe

19.5 Analysis and Conclusion