The Human Radiation Experiments
Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
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Product details:
- Publisher OUP USA
- Date of Publication 9 May 1996
- ISBN 9780195107920
- Binding Hardback
- No. of pages656 pages
- Size 186x261x49 mm
- Weight 1388 g
- Language English 0
Categories
Short description:
This landmark volume describes experiments and environmental releases carried out or funded by U.S. government agencies in which people were exposed to radiation, usually in low doses, without their knowledge. It provides a historical review of government standards for human experiments, examines current ethics policies, and recommends changes.
MoreLong description:
This book describes, in fascinating detail, a variety of experiments sponsored by the U.S. government in which people were exposed to radiation without their knowledge. After reviewing hundreds of thousands of documents from the Atomic Energy Commission and other agencies, the Advisory Committee appointed by President Clinton in January 1994 found that nearly 4,000 human radiation experiments--most involving very low doses of radioactive tracers--were sponsored by the federal government between 1944-1974. This book documents these findings to provide a fascinating if not disturbing reminder of both the shocking standards for human experimentation and the shrouded practice of government secrecy in recent history.
Carried out at the height of the Cold War, experiments included feeding radioactive cereal to teenagers at a school for the mentally retarded, irradiating the testicles of prison inmates, injecting plutonium into hospital patients, and intentional releases of radiation into the environment. The book places these experiments within their historical context, and a review of the relevant government policies and ethics standards at the time is included. The analysis is then applied to contemporary research on human subjects. The book concludes with a discussion of the Committee's key findings and a set of recommendations for changes in in institutional review boards, the interpretation of ethics rules and policies, the conduct of research involving military personnel, the oversight and accountability for ethical violations, compensation for research injuries, and balancing national securities interests with the rights of the public. This compelling volume will prove to be a landmark in the development of standards for human experimentation. Ethicists, public health professionals and those interested in the history of medicine and Cold War history will be intrigued by the findings in this volume.
Table of Contents:
Part I: Ethics of Human Subjects Research: A Historical Perspective
Government Standards for Human Experiments: The 1940s and 1950s
Postwar Professional Standards and Practices for Human Experiments
Government Standards for Human Experiments: The 1960s and 1970s
Ethics Standards in Retrospect
Part II: Case Studies
Experiments with Plutonium, Uranium, and Polonium
The AEC Program of Radioisotope Distribution
Nontherapeutic Research in Children
Total-Body Irradiation: Problems When Research and Treatment are Intertwined
Prisoners: A Captive Research Population
Atomic Veterans: Human Experimentation in Connection with Bomb Tests
Intentional Releases: Lifting the Veil of Security
Observational Data Gathering
Secrecy, Human Radiation Experiments, and Intentional Releases
Part III: Contemporary Projects
Current Federal Policies Governing Human Subjects Research
Research Proposal Review Project
Subject Interview Study
Discussion of Part III
Part IV. Coming to Terms with the Past, Looking Ahead to the Future: Findings and Recommendations
Findings
Recommendations
