Drugs by McKay, Bruce; Rosenthal, Martha S.;

Table of Contents:

Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Features
Part 1 Foundations
Chapter 1 Drugs: Mind, Body, and Society
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
1.1 What Is a Drug?
Drug Use and Drug Abuse
Drug Addiction and Dependence
1.2 How Prevalent Is Drug Use?
Global Drug Use
Demographics of Drug Use in Canada
Age
Gender
Ethnoracial Background
Education
Geography
Most Commonly Used Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Variations in Drug Use over Time
1.3 Why Do People Use Drugs?
To Feel Pleasure and to Avoid Feeling Pain
To Change the State of Consciousness
To Enhance Spiritual, Religious, or Mystical Experiences
To Facilitate and Enhance Social Interactions
To Alter and Improve the Body
1.4 How Does Drug Use Affect Individuals and Society?
Individual Problems with Acute Use
Individual Problems with Chronic Use
Societal Problems Associated with Drug Use
1.5 How Are Drugs Classified?
Drug Types
Endogenous Chemicals Are Mimicked by Exogenous Drugs
Naturally Occurring Drugs
Synthetic Drugs
Drug Naming
1.6 How Are New Drugs Developed?
Health Canada Drug Development and Approval
Preclinical Stage
Clinical Stage
HPFB Review
Post-Marketing Analysis
1.7 Drugs in the Media
Advertising
Alcohol Advertising
Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising
Availability of Information for Consumers
The Responsibility of Pharmaceutical Companies
Views of Physicians
Communication with Physicians
Movies, Television, and Music
Movies
Television
Music
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 2: Problematic Drug Use and Addiction
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
2.1 Definitions of Dependence and Addiction
2.2 Prevalence of Addiction
Addiction and Race
Addiction and Age
Addiction and Gender
2.3 Recognition, Diagnosis, and Assessment
2.4 Factors Underlying Drug Abuse and Addiction
Biological Factors
Neuroanatomy
Neurochemistry
Genetic Factors Underlying Addiction
Psychological and Interpersonal Factors
Social and Environmental Factors
2.5 Societal Views on Drug Addiction
Attitudes about Addiction Based on Gender
Attitudes about Addiction Based on Occupation
Attitudes about Addiction Based on Survey Question Wording
Why Do People's Beliefs about Addiction Matter?
Attitudes about Problematic Drinking and other Compulsive Behaviours
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 3: Drug Laws and Policies
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
3.1 The History of Drug Policy
Drug Policies and Indigenous Peoples
3.2 Current Drug Laws
Drug Scheduling
Types of Drug Crimes
Penalties for Drug Offenses
Possession
Drug Trafficking
Importing and Exporting
Production of a Scheduled Substance
Mandatory Minimum Penalties for Serious Drug Offenses
Drug Treatment Courts
Provincial and Local Drug Laws
Drug Crimes Are on the Decline in Canada
International Drug Laws and Policies
3.3 Harm Reduction Policies
Reduce Health Risks Associated with Drug Use
Reduce Prison Overcrowding
Focus on Treatment Rather than Punishment
Arguments Against the Harm Reduction Approach
3.4 Ramifications of Drug Laws
Individual Ramifications
Societal Ramifications
International Ramifications
3.5 Legalization
Factors Considered when Evaluating a Drug's Legal Status
Public Opinion on Drug Laws
Issues Related to Legalizing Drugs
3.6 Social Policies Related to Drug Use
Minimum Legal Drinking Age
Drunk Driving
Drug Use During Pregnancy
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 4: The Nervous System
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
4.1 The Structure and Function of Neurons
4.2 Neuronal Transmission
Resting Membrane Potential
Action Potentials
Actions at a Chemical Synapse
4.3 The Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal Cord
Protection of the Central Nervous System
4.4 Neurotransmitters
GABA
Synthesis, Release, and Termination of GABA
Location and Function of GABAergic Neurons
Drugs that Affect GABAergic Neurons
Glutamate
Synthesis, Release, and Termination of Glutamate
Location and Function of Glutamatergic Neurons
Drugs that Affect Glutamatergic Neurons
Catecholamines
Synthesis, Release, and Termination of Catecholamines
Location and Function of Catecholaminergic Neurons
Drugs that Affect Catecholamines
Serotonin
Synthesis, Release, and Termination of Serotonin
Location and Function of Serotonergic Neurons
Drugs that Affect Serotonergic Neurons
Acetylcholine
Synthesis, Release, and Termination of Acetylcholine
Location and Function of Cholinergic Neurons
Opioids
Cannabinoids
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 5: Pharmacology: How Drugs Work
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
5.1 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Dosage
Route of Administration
Oral Administration
Absorption across the Mucous Membranes or Skin
Inhalation
Parenteral Administration
Distribution
Metabolism and Biotransformation
Genetic and Racial Factors
Physiological Factors
Cross-Reaction Factors
Environmental and Dietary Factors
Elimination
5.2 Pharmacodynamics
Receptors
How Ligands Bind: Agonists and Antagonists
Types of Receptors
Drug Expectations and the Placebo Effect
Setting
Effects and Side Effects of Acute Drug Use
Drug Effectiveness
Drug Interactions
Effects of Chronic Drug Use
Tolerance
Acute Tolerance
Metabolic Tolerance
Cellular Tolerance
Behavioural Tolerance
Other Forms of Tolerance
Withdrawal
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Part 2 Legally Restricted Psychoactive Drugs
Chapter 6: Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
6.1 Cocaine
History of Cocaine
Prevalence of Cocaine Use
Sources and Forms of Cocaine
Sources of Cocaine
Forms of Cocaine
Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine
Routes of Administration
Mechanism of Action of Cocaine
Acute Effects of Cocaine
Physiological Effects of Cocaine at Low and Moderate Doses
Behavioural and Psychological Effects of Cocaine at Low and Moderate Doses
Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Cocaine
Adverse Effects of Cocaine
Chronic Effects of Cocaine
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Adverse Effects from Chronic Use of Cocaine
Effects of Cocaine when Taken during Pregnancy
Cocaine Dependence and Addiction
Treatment of Cocaine Addiction
6.2 Amphetamines
History of Amphetamines
Prevalence of Amphetamine Use
Sources and Forms of Amphetamines
Pharmacokinetics of Amphetamines
Mechanism of Action of Amphetamines
Acute and Adverse Effects of Amphetamines
Chronic Effects of Amphetamines
Tolerance
Adverse Effects from Chronic Use of Amphetamines
Amphetamine Dependence and Addiction
6.3 Other Stimulants
Khat/Cathinone
Bath Salts
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 7: Hallucinogens
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
7.1 History of Hallucinogens
History of LSD and Psilocybin
Albert Hofmann
The CIA and LSD
Psychiatric Use of LSD in the 1950s and 1960s
Timothy Leary and the 1960s Counterculture
History of Peyote/Mescaline
History of MDMA
History of PCP and Ketamine
7.2 Prevalence of Hallucinogen Use
7.3 Sources and Forms of Hallucinogens
Indoleaminic Psychedelic Hallucinogens
LSD
Psilocybin
Morning Glory Seeds
DMT
Ayahuasca
Ibogaine
Bufotenine
Phenylethylamine Psychedelic Hallucinogens
Peyote and Mescaline
Nutmeg and Mace
MDMA (M, Ecstasy, Molly)
Anticholinergic Deliriants
Atropa Belladonna
Datura
Mandrake
Dissociative Hallucinogens
Amanita Muscaria Mushrooms
Salvia
PCP and Ketamine
7.4 Cultural and Religious Influence of Hallucinogens
Literature
Music
Spirituality
7.5 Pharmacokinetics of Hallucinogens
Dosage
Routes of Administration
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
7.6 Mechanism of Action of Hallucinogens
Psychedelic Hallucinogens
MDMA
Deliriants and Dissociatives
7.7 Acute Effects of Hallucinogens
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Psychedelic Hallucinogens
Physiological and Psychological Effects of MDMA
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deliriant Hallucinogens
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Dissociative Anaesthetics
Drug Interactions
7.8 Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Hallucinogens
7.9 Chronic Effects of Hallucinogens
Tolerance
Adverse Effects of Chronic Use
Hallucinogen Dependence and Addiction
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 8: Opioids
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
8.1 History of Opioids
Early Opioid Use
Smoking Opium
Opium Wars
Opioids in the 19th Century
Social Factors Influencing Opiate Laws
Synthesis of Heroin
Opioids in the 20th Century
Early Federal Government Actions
8.2 Prevalence of Opioid Use
Prescription Opioids
Heroin
8.3 Sources and Forms of Opioids
Natural Opiates
Semisynthetic Opioids
Synthetic Opioids
8.4 Pharmacokinetics of Opioids
Routes of Administration
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
8.5 Mechanism of Action of Opioids
Opioid Receptors
Endogenous Opioids
8.6 Acute Effects of Opioids
Physiological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Gastrointestinal and Renal
Sleep
Reproduction and Effects on the Newborn
Behavioural and Psychological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Mood
Cognitive Function
Drug Interactions
Overdose
8.7 Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Opioids
Pain
Cough Suppressant
Diarrhea Treatment
8.8 Chronic Effects of Opioids
Tolerance
Adverse Effects of Chronic Use
Opioid Dependence and Addiction
8.9 Treatment for Opioid Dependence and Addiction
Withdrawal
Treatments to Aid Withdrawal
Ultra-Rapid Opioid Detoxification
Substitution Opioids
Methadone
Buprenorphine (Subutex)
Buprenorphine Plus Naloxone (Suboxone)
Heroin
Programs to Help Quit Opioids
Needle Exchange Programs
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 9: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Inhalants
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
9.1 Sedatives and Hypnotics
History of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Prevalence of Sedative and Hypnotic Use
Sources and Forms of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Pharmacokinetics of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Routes of Administration
Absorption and Distribution
Metabolism and Elimination
Mechanism of Action of Sedatives and Hypnotics
GABA Receptor
Benzodiazepines' Interaction with the GABAA Receptor
Barbiturates' Interaction with the GABAA Receptor
Acute Effects of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Physiological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Behavioural and Psychological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Side Effects
Effects on the Fetus
Drug Interactions
Overdose
Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Sleep
Antianxiety Drugs and Treatment
Anticonvulsants
Anaesthesia
Chronic Effects of Sedatives and Hypnotics
Tolerance to Sedatives and Hypnotics
Sedative and Hypnotic Dependence and Addiction
Sedative and Hypnotic Withdrawal and Treatment
9.2 Other Sedative/Hypnotic Drugs
GHB
History of GHB and Prevalence of Its Use
Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action of GHB
Acute Effects of GHB
Medical and Therapeutic Uses of GHB
Quaaludes
Propofol
9.3 Inhalants
History of Inhalants
Ether
Nitrous Oxide
Glue Sniffing
Prevalence of Inhalant Use
Sources and Forms of Inhalants
Volatile Substances
Anaesthetic Inhalants: Ether and Nitrous Oxide
Nitrites
Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action of Inhalants
9.4 Acute Effects of Inhalants
Acute Effects of Nitrous Oxide
Acute Effects of Amyl Nitrate
Chronic Effects of Inhalants
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Part 3 Legal Psychoactive Drugs
Chapter 10: Tobacco
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
10.1 History of Tobacco
Early Tobacco Use in Europe
Tobacco in Colonial America
Mechanization
Tobacco in the 20th Century
Troubled Times for the Tobacco Industry
10.2 Prevalence of Tobacco Use
Gender
Race
Education
Employment and Socioeconomic Status
Concurrent Use of Other Drugs and Mental Health
Age
10.3 Economic and Social Issues Related to Tobacco
Economics
Advertising
Movies
10.4 Sources and Forms of Tobacco
Making Tobacco
Smoking Tobacco
Electronic Cigarettes
Smokeless Tobacco
10.5 Pharmacokinetics of Tobacco and Nicotine
Dosage, Absorption, and Distribution
Metabolism and Elimination
Drug Interactions
10.6 Mechanism of Action of Nicotine
10.7 Acute Effects of Tobacco and Nicotine
Physiological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Endocrine
Skeletomuscular and Skin
Overdose
Behavioural and Psychological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Mood
Cognitive Function
10.8 Chronic Effects of Tobacco and Nicotine
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Adverse Effects from Chronic Use
Skin
Reproductive Effects
Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Gastrointestinal Effects
Cancer
Prenatal and Postnatal Effects
Secondhand Smoke
10.9 Tobacco Dependence and Addiction
10.10 Quitting Tobacco
Benefits of Quitting
Methods of Quitting
Nicotine Replacement Therapies
Pharmacological Treatments that Do Not Replace Nicotine
Behavioural and Psychosocial Treatments
Handy Hints to Help Someone Quit
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 11: Caffeine
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
11.1 History of Caffeine
Coffee
Tea
Chocolate
Soft Drinks and Energy Drinks
11.2 Prevalence of Caffeine Use
11.3 Sources and Forms of Caffeine
Coffee
Tea
Chocolate
Soft Drinks and Energy Drinks
Other Caffeine Sources
How Much Caffeine Is in the Substances We Ingest?
11.4 Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine
Route of Administration, Absorption, and Distribution
Metabolism, Elimination, and Drug Interactions
11.5 Mechanism of Action of Caffeine
11.6 Acute Effects of Caffeine
Physiological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Muscular
Behavioural and Psychological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Mood
Cognitive Function
Overdose
11.7 Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Caffeine
Type 2 Diabetes
Liver
Cognitive Function
Parkinson's Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Mortality
11.8 Chronic Effects of Caffeine
Tolerance and Dependence
Withdrawal
Adverse Effects from Chronic Use
Effects on the Fetus
11.9 Quitting Caffeine
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 12: Alcohol
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
12.1 History of Alcohol
Early Alcohol Use
The Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era
Colonial America
Temperance Movements in North America (19th Century)
Prohibition
12.2 Prevalence of Alcohol Use
Global Alcohol Use
Alcohol Consumption in Canada
Current Alcohol Use
Binge Drinking
Underage Drinking
Drinking by University Students
12.3 Sources and Forms of Alcohol
Fermented Beverages
Distilled Beverages
Alcohol Content of Standard Drinks
12.4 Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol
Dosage
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Enzymes Involved in Metabolism
Racial Differences in Metabolic Enzymes
Elimination
Drug Interactions
Combining Alcohol and Caffeine
12.5 Mechanism of Action of Alcohol
GABA
Glutamate
Dopamine
Opioids
Serotonin
Endogenous Cannabinoids
12.6 Acute Effects of Alcohol
Physiological Effects
Brain
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Reproductive
Behavioural and Psychological Effects
Cognitive Function
Mood
Aggression
Adverse Effects from Acute Heavy Drinking
Hangover
Overdose
12.7 Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Alcohol
12.8 Chronic Effects of Alcohol
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Adverse Effects of Chronic Heavy Drinking
Neurological
Cardiovascular
Immunity
Gastrointestinal
Cancer
Reproductive
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 13: Cannabis
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
13.1 History of Cannabis
17th-to-19th Century Canada
20th Century and Beyond
13.2 Prevalence of Cannabis Use
13.3 Legal and Cultural Issues Related to Cannabis
Legal Issues
Cultural Issues
13.4 Sources and Forms of Cannabis
Types of Cannabis Plant
Phytocannabinoids
Types of Cannabis Products
Synthetic Cannabinoids
13.5 Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis
Routes of Administration and Dosage
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
13.6 Mechanism of Action of Cannabis
13.7 Acute Effects of Cannabis
Physiological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Brain
Analgesia
Cardiovascular
Hunger, Digestion, and Metabolism
Immune System
Reproductive System
Behavioural and Psychological Effects at Low and Moderate Doses
Potential Adverse Effects
Effects on the Respiratory System
Effects on Immunity
Reproductive Effects
Psychosis
Cognitive Effects
Drug Interactions
Collateral Damage
13.8 Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis
Analgesia
Nausea, Vomiting, and Appetite
Epilepsy
Glaucoma
Cancer
Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Diabetes
Irritable Bowel Disease
Depression
Reducing Use of other Harmful Substances
13.9 Chronic Effects of Cannabis
Tolerance
Dependence
Withdrawal
Treatment for Cannabis Dependence
Canada's Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Part 4 Commonly Used Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs
Chapter 14: Drugs for Treating Psychological Disorders
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
14.1 Psychological Disorders in Today's Society
14.2 Major Depressive Disorder
Prevalence of Depression
Causes of Depression
Genetics
Neurochemistry
Neuroanatomy
Overactive Stress Response
Inflammation and Immune Factors
Diet
Gut Bacteria
Psychological Factors
Social Factors
Symptoms of Depression
Diagnosis of Depression
Prognosis of Depression
Antidepressant Treatments
History of Antidepressant Treatment
Prevalence of Antidepressant Drugs
Pharmacokinetics of Antidepressant Drugs
Antidepressant Drug Interactions
Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Drugs
Side Effects of Antidepressant Drugs
Efficacy of Antidepressant Drugs
Effect of Antidepressant Drug Use during Pregnancy
Other Treatments for Depression
Hallucinogens
Psychotherapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
14.3 Bipolar Disorder
Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder
Causes of Bipolar Disorder
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
14.4 Schizophrenia
Prevalence of Schizophrenia
Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetics
Structural Abnormalities in the Brain
Neurochemical Abnormalities
Environmental Factors
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Prognosis of Schizophrenia
Treatments for Schizophrenia
Mechanism of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs
Side Effects Associated with Antipsychotic Drugs
Efficacy of Antipsychotic Drugs
Overprescription of Antipsychotic Drugs
Other Treatments for Schizophrenia
14.5 Anxiety Disorders
Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
14.6 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
14.7 The Future of Drugs Used to Treat Mental Illness
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 15: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
15.1 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
History of Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Prevalence of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use
Forms of Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Pain Relievers
Blood Doping
Beta2-Agonists and Beta-Blockers
Human Growth Hormone
Creatine
Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Routes of Administration
Dosage and Pattern of Use
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
Mechanism of Action
Acute Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Physiological Effects
Musculoskeletal Effects
Fat, Skin, and Hair
Reproductive Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Liver
Cognitive Effects
Immunity
Athletic Performance
Psychological Effects
Medical and Therapeutic Uses of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Tolerance and Dependence
Prevention and Treatment of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse
15.2 Drugs to Treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Symptoms and Diagnosis of ADHD
Inattention
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
Prevalence of ADHD
Sex/Gender
Age
Why the Increase in Prevalence?
Causes of ADHD
Consequences of ADHD
Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD
Pharmacokinetics of ADHD Drugs
Mechanism of Action of ADHD Drugs
Physiological and Psychological Effects of ADHD Drugs
Effectiveness of ADHD Drugs
Nonpharmaceutical Treatments for ADHD
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Chapter 16: Over-the-Counter Drugs and Natural Health Products
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
16.1 Over-the-Counter Drugs: Regulation and Dangers
Over-the-Counter Regulations
Dangers of Over-the-Counter Drugs and Self-Care
16.2 Non-Narcotic Analgesics
History of Non-Narcotic Analgesics
Prevalence of Non-Narcotic Analgesic Use
Pharmacokinetics of Non-Narcotic Analgesics
Prostaglandins
COX1 and COX2
Mechanism of Action of Non-Narcotic Analgesics
Acute Effects and Medical Benefits of Non-Narcotic Analgesics at Low and Moderate Doses
Analgesia
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory
Anticoagulant
Cardioprotective Effects
Cancer
Alzheimer's Disease
Adverse Effects of Non-Narcotic Analgesics
Side Effects Associated with Non-Narcotic Analgesics
GI Distress and Decreased Blood Clotting
Cardiovascular Problems
Allergy
Asthma Exacerbation
Ringing in the Ears
Kidney Failure
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Reye's Syndrome
Liver Failure
Loss of Empathy and Blunted Emotions
Use During Pregnancy
Drug Interactions
Overdose
16.3 Cough, Cold, and Allergy Products
Components of Cough and Cold Medications
Cough Suppressants and Expectorants
Decongestants
Antihistamines
16.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs to Treat Gastrointestinal Ailments
Drugs to Treat Heartburn, Gastric Reflux, and Peptic Ulcer
Antacids
H2 Blockers
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Drugs to Treat Diarrhea
Laxatives
Dietary Fibre and Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Stool Softeners
Lubricants
Hyperosmotic Agents
Stimulant Laxatives
16.5 Over-the-Counter Weight Loss Aids
16.6 Over-the-Counter Sleep Aids
16.7 Natural Health Products
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Section 5 Addiction, Prevention, and Treatment
Chapter 17: Prevention and Treatment of Drug Use and Abuse
True or False?
Outline
Learning Objectives
17.1 Types of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Universal Prevention
Selective Prevention
Indicated Prevention
17.2 School-Based Prevention Campaigns
Ineffective K-12 School-Based Methods of Drug Abuse Prevention
Cognitive Approaches and Scare Tactics
Affective Programs
Presentations by Law Enforcement
Effective School-Based Methods of Drug Abuse Prevention
Information
Media Literacy Campaigns
Skills
Methods
Family and Community Involvement
Alcohol and Drug Prevention Programs at Colleges and Universities
17.3 Advertising Campaigns to Prevent Drug Use
Anti-Drug Ads
Anti-Tobacco Ads
17.4 Drug Testing
When Do Drug Tests Typically Occur?
What Process Is Used for Drug Testing?
How Long after Using a Drug Will Someone Test Positive?
What Types of Drug Tests are Used?
Urine
Saliva
Hair
Sweat
Blood
How Accurate Are Drug Tests?
How Effective Are Drug Tests?
Workplace Safety
Workplace Productivity
Prevention of Drug Use
17.5 Prevalence of Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Addiction
17.6 The Stages of Recovery
17.7 Methods of Treatment
Pharmacological Treatments for Addiction
Medications to Help with Nicotine Addiction
Medications to Help with Alcohol Addiction
Medications to Help with Opioid Addiction
Immunopharmacotherapy
Psychosocial Therapeutic Treatments for Addiction
Inpatient Programs
Outpatient Programs
Self-Help Groups
Secular Recovery Programs
17.8 Characteristics of Effective Addiction Treatments
17.9 Relapse
Chapter Summary
Quiz Yourself!
Notes
Appendix A: Critically Thinking About Drugs
A.1 Conducting Research
Ask Specific Research Questions
Carefully Consider Your Study Populations
Choose an Appropriate Method of Investigation
Surveys
Observational Methods
Controlled Experiments
Use Valid and Precise Measurements
Reproducibility, Reliability, and Replication
Conduct a Safe, Ethical, and Unbiased Study
Maintain Objectivity
Consider the Quality of and Vetting of Information
Animal Research
A.2 Critical Thinking
Recognize Underlying Value Assumptions
Evaluate the Strength of the Argument
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
Critically Evaluate Graphs and Data
Does the Graph Accurately Represent the Data?
Are the Statistics Used Appropriately?
The Self-Correcting Nature of Science
Appendix B: Generic and Trade Name Drugs
Appendix C: Drug Laws in Canada
Answers to Quiz Yourself! Questions
Glossary
Index