Short description:

Organic LEDs (OLEDs) in mobile displays have been in large-scale production for over a decade, and OLED-based televisions are rapidly gaining traction in the marketplace. OLEDs are on the verge of entering the solid-state lighting market in a big way.

Long description:

Organic LEDs (OLEDs) in mobile displays have been in large-scale production for over a decade, and OLED-based televisions are rapidly gaining traction in the marketplace. OLEDs are on the verge of entering the solid-state lighting market in a big way. The OLED technology gives higher color purity and is more efficient than any of the competing technologies. When produced at scale, OLEDs are also economical. A key limitation in the development of OLEDs was the efficient conversion of all of the electrical energy put into the device into light. Until the late 1990s, the maximum efficiency of OLEDs was limited to 25% (photons/electrons), but this limitation was removed and OLEDs with 100% efficiency were reported in the early 2000s. This advance in OLED technology was driven by the author of this book. He and his collaborators developed electrophosphorescence, which is essential in reaching the 100% efficiency that is now commonplace in commercial devices.

Table of Contents:

1. Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices

Marc A. Baldo, D. F. O?Brien, Y. You, A. Shoustikov, Scott Sibley, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

2. Improved Energy Transfer in Electrophosphorescent Devices

D. F. O?Brien, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

3. Efficient, Saturated Red Organic Light Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Porphyrins

Raymond C. Kwong, Scott Sibley, Timur Dubovoy, Marc Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

4. Excitonic Singlet-Triplet Ratio in a Semiconducting Organic Thin Film

Marc A. Baldo, D. F. O?Brien, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

5. Very High-Efficiency Green Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Electrophosphorescence

Marc A. Baldo, Sergey Lamansky, Paul E. Burrows, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

6. Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Hosts and Dyes

Raymond C. Kwong, Sergey Lamansky, and Mark E. Thompson

7. High-Efficiency Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices with tris(2-Phenylpyridine)Iridium Doped into Electron-Transporting Materials

Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

8. High-Efficiency Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using a Phosphorescent Sensitizer

Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

9. Nearly 100% Internal Phosphorescence Efficiency in an Organic Light Emitting Device

Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

10. Endothermic Energy Transfer: A Mechanism for Generating

Very Efficient High-Energy Phosphorescent Emission in Organic Materials

Chihaya Adachi, Raymond C. Kwong, Peter Djurovich, Vadim Adamovich, Marc A. Baldo, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

11. High-Efficiency Yellow Double-Doped Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Phosphor-Sensitized Fluorescence

Brian W. D?Andrade, Marc A. Baldo, Chihaya Adachi, Jason Brooks, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

12. High-Efficiency Red Electrophosphorescence Devices

Chihaya Adachi, Marc A. Baldo, Stephen R. Forrest, Sergey Lamansky, Mark E. Thompson, and Raymond C. Kwong

13. Highly Phosphorescent Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Use in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Sergey Lamansky, Peter Djurovich, Drew Murphy, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Hae-Eun Lee, Chihaya Adachi, Paul E. Burrows, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

14. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes

Sergey Lamansky, Peter Djurovich, Drew Murphy, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Raymond Kwong, Irina Tsyba, Manfred Bortz, Becky Mui, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

15. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Platinum Complexes

Jason Brooks, Yelizaveta Babayan, Sergey Lamansky, Peter I. Djurovich, Irina Tsyba, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

16. White Light Emission Using Triplet Excimers in Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Brian W. D?Andrade, Jason Brooks, Vadim Adamovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

17. Electrophosphorescent p?i?n Organic Light-Emitting Devices for Very-High-Efficiency Flat-Panel Displays

Martin Pfei?er, Stephen R. Forrest, Karl Leo, and Mark E. Thompson

18. Cyclometalated Ir Complexes in Polymer Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Sergey Lamansky, Peter I. Djurovich, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Simona Garon, Drew L. Murphy, and Mark E. Thompson

19. High Efficiency Single Dopant White Electrophosphorescent Light Emitting Diodes

Vadim Adamovich, Jason Brooks, Arnold Tamayo, Alex M. Alexander, Peter I. Djurovich, Brian W. D?Andrade, Chihaya Adachi, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

20. High Operational Stability of Electrophosphorescent Devices

Raymond C. Kwong, Matthew R. Nugent, Lech Michalski, Tan Ngo, Kamala Rajan, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Michael S. Weaver, Theodore X. Zhou, Michael Hack, Mark E. Thompson, Stephen R. Forrest, and Julie J. Brown

21. Controlling Exciton Diffusion in Multilayer White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Devices

Brian W. D?Andrade, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

22. Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence Using Exothermic Host?Guest Energy Transfer

Russell J. Holmes, Stephen R. Forrest, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Raymond C. Kwong, Julie J. Brown, Simona Garon, and Mark E. Thompson

23. Efficient, Deep-Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence by Guest Charge Trapping

Russell J. Holmes, Brian W. D?Andrade, Stephen R. Forrest, Xiaofan Ren, Jian Li, and Mark E. Thompson

24. Synthesis and Characterization of Facial and Meridional Tris-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes

Arnold B. Tamayo, Bert D. Alleyne, Peter I. Djurovich, Sergey Lamansky, Irina Tsyba, Nam N. Ho, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

25. Phosphorescence Quenching by Conjugated Polymers

Madhusoodhanan Sudhakar, Peter I. Djurovich, Thieo E. Hogen-Esch, and Mark E. Thompson

26. Simultaneous Light Emission from a Mixture of Dendrimer Encapsulated Chromophores: A Model for Single-Layer Multichromophoric Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Paul Furuta, Jason Brooks, Mark E. Thompson, and Jean M. J. Fréchet

27. Ultrahigh Energy Gap Hosts in Deep Blue Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices

Xiaofan Ren, Jian Li, Russell J. Holmes, Peter I. Djurovich, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

28. Saturated Deep Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence Using a Fluorine-Free Emitter

Russell J. Holmes, Stephen R. Forrest, Tissa Sajoto, Arnold Tamayo, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, Jason Brooks, Yeh-Jiun Tung, Brian W. D?Andrade, Michael S. Weaver, Raymond C. Kwong, and Julie J. Brown

29. Excimer and Electron Transfer Quenching Studies of a Cyclometalated Platinum Complex

Biwu Ma, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson

30. Synthetic Control of Excited-State Properties in Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes Using Ancillary Ligands

Jian Li, Peter I. Djurovich, Bert D. Alleyne, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Nam N. Ho, J. Christopher Thomas, Jonas C. Peters, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

31. Cationic Bis-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diimine Complexes and Their Use in Efficient Blue, Green, and Red Electroluminescent Devices

Arnold B. Tamayo, Simona Garon, Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Irina M. Tsyba, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

32. Blue and Near-UV Phosphorescence from Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalated Pyrazolyl or N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands

Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Arnold Tamayo, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Robert Bau, Mark E. Thompson, Russell J. Holmes, and Stephen R. Forrest

33. Synthetic Control of Pt??? Pt Separation and Photophysics of Binuclear Platinum Complexes

Biwu Ma, Jian Li, Peter I. Djurovich, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Robert Bau, and Mark E. Thompson

34. Platinum Binuclear Complexes as Phosphorescent Dopants for Monochromatic and White Organic Light-Emitting

Diodes

Biwu Ma, Peter I. Djurovich, Simona Garon, Bert Alleyne, and Mark E. Thompson

35. Management of Singlet and Triplet Excitons for Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Yiru Sun, Noel C. Giebink, Hiroshi Kanno, Biwu Ma, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

36. Highly Efficient, Near-Infrared Electrophosphorescence from a Pt?Metalloporphyrin Complex

Carsten Borek, Kenneth Hanson, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, Kristen Aznavour, Robert Bau, Yiru Sun, Stephen R. Forrest, Jason Brooks, Lech Michalski, and Julie Brown

37. Intrinsic Luminance Loss in Phosphorescent Small-Molecule Organic Light Emitting Devices due to Bimolecular Annihilation Reactions

Noel C. Giebink, Brian W. D?Andrade, Michael S. Weaver, P. B. Mackenzie, Julie J. Brown, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

38. Blue Light Emitting Ir(III) Compounds for OLEDs: New Insights into Ancillary Ligand E?ects on the Emitting Triplet State

Andreas F. Rausch, Mark E. Thompson, and Hartmut Yersin

39. Temperature Dependence of Blue Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes

Tissa Sajoto, Peter I. Djurovich, Arnold B. Tamayo, Jonas Oxgaard, William A. Goddard III, and

Mark E. Thompson

40. Study of Energy Transfer and Triplet Exciton Di?usion in Hole-Transporting Host Materials

Chao Wu, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson

41. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Cu(I)?NHC Complexes

Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Matthew T. Whited, and Mark E. Thompson

42. A Codeposition Route to CuI?Pyridine Coordination Complexes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Zhiwei Liu, Munzarin F. Qayyum, Chao Wu, Matthew T. Whited, Peter I. Djurovich, Keith O. Hodgson, Britt Hedman, Edward I. Solomon, and Mark E. Thompson

43. Structural and Photophysical Studies of Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Copper(I) Complexes Supported by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand

Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Jacob W. Aronson, Ralf Haiges, Matthew T. Whited, and Mark E. Thompson

44. Phosphorescence versus Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Controlling Singlet?Triplet Splitting in Brightly Emitting and Sublimable Cu(I) Compounds

Markus J. Leitl, Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Hartmut Yersin

45. Control of Emission Colour with N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands in Phosphorescent Three-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes

Valentina A. Krylova, Peter I. Djurovich, Brian L. Conley, Ralf Haiges, Matthew T. Whited, Travis J. Williams, and Mark E. Thompson

46. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Platinum and Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalated Corannulene

John W. Facendola, Martin Seifrid, Jay Siegel, Peter I. Djurovich, and Mark E. Thompson

47. Understanding and Predicting the Orientation of Heteroleptic Phosphors in Organic Light-Emitting Materials

Matthew J. Jurow, Christian Mayr, Tobias D. Schmidt, Thomas Lampe, Peter I. Djurovich, Wolfgang Brütting, and Mark E. Thompson

48. Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Very High Brightness and Efficiency

Jaesang Lee, Hsiao-Fan Chen, Thilini Batagoda, Caleb Coburn, Peter I. Djurovich, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

49. Hot Excited State Management for Long-Lived Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Jaesang Lee, Changyeong Jeong, Thilini Batagoda, Caleb Coburn, Mark E. Thompson, and Stephen R. Forrest

50. Eliminating Nonradiative Decay in Cu(I) Emitters: > 99% Quantum Efficiency and Microsecond Lifetime

Rasha Hamze, Jesse L. Peltier, Daniel Sylvinson, Moonchul Jung, Jose Cardenas, Ralf Haiges, Michele Soleilhavoup, Rodolphe Jazzar, Peter I. Djurovich, Guy Bertrand, and Mark E. Thompson

51. Rapid Multiscale Computational Screening for OLED Host Materials

Daniel Sylvinson M. R., Hsiao-Fan Chen, Lauren M. Martin, Patrick J. G. Saris, and Mark E. Thompson

52. ?Quick-Silver? from a Systematic Study of Highly Luminescent, Two-Coordinate, d10 Coinage Metal Complexes

Rasha Hamze, Shuyang Shi, Savannah C. Kapper, Daniel Sylvinson Muthiah Ravinson, Laura Estergreen, Moon-Chul Jung, Abegail C. Tadle, Ralf Haiges, Peter I. Djurovich, Jesse L. Peltier, Rodolphe Jazzar, Guy Bertrand, Stephen E. Bradforth, and Mark E. Thompson

53. Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes

Shuyang Shi, Moon Chul Jung, Caleb Coburn, Abegail Tadle, Daniel Sylvinson M. R., Peter I. Djurovich, Stephen R. Forrest, and Mark E. Thompson

54. Platinum-Functionalized Random Copolymers for Use in Solution-Processible, Efficient, Near-White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Paul T. Furuta, Lan Deng, Simona Garon, Mark E. Thompson, and Jean M. J. Fréchet